
1eHohthwesternMiu.br. 
Minneapolis 




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Book . g ^y 

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COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 



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Hints on Exporting. 



Insurance 



is an 

Important Feature 

to the 

Shipper of Flour. 



We insure both FOREIGN and DOMESTIC 
shipments, subject to 

ALL RISK 

and solicit the business of millers. 



We represent the following companies : 

St. Paul Fire & Marine - - - St. Paul 
Mannheim - - - Mannheim, Germany 
Union Marine ■ - Liverpool 



ALEXANDER CAMPBELL, 

Successor to "The Gale Agency" 

MINNEAPOLIS, 



Howard's Wheat & Flour 
Testing Laboratory, 



Established 1886. 222-226 N.Y. LlFE Bldg., 

Minneapolis, Minn. 

The attention of the exporting miller is especially 
called to our Daily Comparative Baking Test, Records and 
Reports, determining the quality of a given sample of flour 
compared with a like grade from the best and largest mills 
in the world, showing the color and size of loaf, the weight 
and water absorption. 

By this means the miller may have a correct 
record of the quality of the "type" or "standard" 
sample he sends forward, and can know whether 
subsequent shipments are, as they should be, 
substantially the same, neither better or worse. 
In case of complaint can find just grounds for 
settlement. In most cases a defense against 
unjust and excessive claims. 

Comparative Baking Test Reports are available to 
millers only on their subscription to Sept. 1st (end of crop 
year) . Rates according to service required. We make no 
single Comparative Baking Test Reports at any price. 
We have a complete Laboratory for the Chemical and 
Microscopic analysis of wheat and flour in charge of Chas. 
H. Briggs, B.S. Chemical reports available to all at rates 
according to service required. Correspondence solicited. 

A. W. HOWARD. 




Samson Turbines 

For all heads from 3 ft. to 2,000 ft. 

AflAPTFn Tfl Mill INR and a11 P° wer purposes. Easy working bal- 
nuni il.u iu mii-i-iiiu ance d gates. We guarantee greatest power 
smallest quantity of water, at both full and part gates. 
Special Features: 

High Sseed and Efficiency. Balanced Gate. 

Great Power and Strength. Steady Motion. 

Write for Catalogue CC, stating head and power required 

JAMES LEFFEL & Co. SSSraa ' 



THE 



New American Turbine 



Highest Efficiency 

at oil 

Stages of Gate. 

*? 

Greatest Power. 

Most Substantial 
Construction. 







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Gearing and 

Power Transmission 

Machinery 

of 

Every Description. 

Catalogues and 

Estimates 
Furnished on 
Application. 



The Dayton Globe Iron Works Co. 



20 S. LUDLOW STREET 



DAYTON, OHIO, U.S.A. 



The Summit of Excellence 

Is obtained by the Wave System of Milling in producing the greatest 
quantity of high-grade patent flour from the grain. 

Economical in Use of Power. 
Greatest Treatment of Stock. 

w,te The Wave System Bolting Co. 

DAYTON, OHIO. 



Bhe First Step 



toward a successful export busi= 
ness is an advertisement in 

The Northwestern Miller 



Through this and the special ser= 
vice of our London office, which is 
given exclusively to our advertisers 
you can be promptly and favorably 
brought in touch with the best class 
of foreign buyers, and saved from 
unpleasant and costly experiences 
with the unreliable kind. This ser= 
vice and many others of importance 
connected with it, cannot be obtain= 
ed in any other way. 



YOU CANNOT AFFORD TO COMMENCE 
EXPORTING WITHOUT IT. 



It is the first step. We can help 
you then with the other steps. 

We shall be glad to tell you all 
about it. 

She JMHIer Publishing Co. 

Minneapolis = = Minn, 



The Columbian 
First Break Feed Governor 




ALL 
OVER 
THE . 
WORLD 



THE COLUMBIAN GOVERNOR is guaranteed to keep a 
perfectly regular feed on the First Break, no matter how often or 
to what exreme the condition of the grain may change. To feed 
any desired amount, it is only necessary to move a weight on a 
graduated beam, to the figures representing the amount it is 
desired to grind. 

It fits any size or make of roll. It is perfectly automatic. It 
never gets out of order. It does not have to be oiled, cleaned out, 
or looked after periodically. Every part is accessible instantly. It 
can be attached in thirty minutes. It will last a life time. 

It is sent on thirty days trial, and we pay all freight 
charges in case you return it. 

Write for Pamphlets, Prices and Testimonials. 

A few of those using the " COLUMBIAN " are : 

Washburn-Crosby Co., Minneapolis, Minn 7 

James Quirk Milling Co., 6 - 

Phoenix Milling Co., 

National Milling Co., 

American Cereal Co., Akron, Ohio 10 

Northern Milling Co., Chicago, 111 6 

Eckhart & Swan Milling Co., Chicago, 111 5 

Henkel, Hermanos S en C, Toluca, Mexico 8 

F. Kiesekamp, Munster, Germany 4 

Banner Milling Co., Buffalo, N.Y. 2 

Urban Mills, " 3 

Listman Mill Co., LaCrosse, Wis 2 

Geo. Tileston Milling Co., St. Cloud, Minn 2 

The La Grange Milling Co., Red Wing, Minn 3 

COLUMBIAN FEED GOVERNOR CO., 

104 North 2d Street, Minneapolis, Minn. 



The Wave System of Bolting 



Is the Most Profitable System of Milling Known. 

Requiring Less &han Half the VoWer of Jlny Other. 
The Gentlest treatment of the Material. 
&he Cleanest Separations of the Various Stotfts. 
&he Greatest Increased "Percentage of High Grade Flour. 
No Trouble to Operate. 

Wri4e: The Wave System Bolting Co., 

Dayton, Ohio. 



CODES 

THE RIVERSIDE CODE 



Used exclusively by the 
leading Export Millers 
of the United States. 

PRICE 
One Copy - - S3. 00 

In lots of 6 $2.75 each 

" 12 2.50 " 

" 25 2.25 " 

" 50 2.00 " 

" 100 1.50 " 

FOR SALE BY 

THE NORTHWESTERN MILLER, 

Minneapolis, Minn. 



Or (for the convenience 
of flour importers) by 

KINGSLAND SMITH, 
London Office Northwestern Miller, 
5 Catherine Court, Seething: Lane, 
London, England. 

Or at any Branch Office 

of the Northwestern Miller. 




JEFFREY 
ELEVATORS 
CONVEYORS 



For Mills, Factories and Power Houses 



Send for 
Catalogue 




The JEFFREY MFG. COMPANY 
Columbus, Ohio, U*S*A, 




Buy the Best Bags. 



EXPORT BAGS A SPECIALTY. 




Keep the Largest Stock. 
Do the Best Work. 



BEMIS BRO. BAG CO., 

Omaha. "West Superior. New Orleans. 

Indianapolis. Minneapolis. St. Louis. 



Be writing to Zhe Bortbwestern 
flIMller that \>ou bave becioeb to enter 
tbe export trabe, \>ou can obtain vain* 
able assistance in making tbe arrange* 
ments bescribeb in tbis book anb in 
gaining a successful anb satisfactory 
foreign business. 

Main (Mice : fllMnneapOliS. 

JSrancbes : 

Xonfcon, IRew Korfe, Cbicago, ITn&ianapolts, 

St. Xouis, Ikansas Citp Stems Gits. 




To Belfast 
and Dublin 



from 



Baltimore, 



MD. 



The following first-class steamers make regular sailings : 

"LORD DEVONSHIRE"-- 7,000 tons 

"LORD ROBERTS" 7,000 tons 

"LORD IVEAGH" 5,000 tons 

" LORD DUFFERIN" 7,000 tons 

"LORD CHARLEMONT " 5,000 tons 

"LORD ANTRIM" 5,000 tons 

"LORD LONDONDERRY" 4,200 tons 

"LORD LANSDOWNE" 3,800 tons 

"LORD ERNE" — - 6,800 tons 

and other steamers as required. 

Through Bills of Lading Issued to Various Points in 



Ireland. 



The Atlantic Transport Co,, Agts, 

234 La Salle Street, Chicago. Continental Trust Bldg., Baltimore. 

412 Guaranty Loan Bldg. t Minneapolis. 

HOLLAND-AMERICA LINE. 

Regular Service between 

NFW YORKl ROTTERDAM 
NbW YUKKj AMSTERDAM 

and Newport News — Amsterdam 
Norfolk, Rotterdam. 

By fast Twin Screw Steamers, 8,300-12,500 tons 
Western Agent : D. J. Donovan, 240 La Salle St., 

Chicago, 111. 
Outward Freight Agents — New York Service: Punch, 

Edye & Co. ; Newport News Service : United 

States Shipping Co., both Produce Exchange 

Annex, New York. 



Flour delivered at New York and Newport 
News direct from cars to steamer through 
covered piers. 

This line will guarantee shipment of flour 
on fixed dates, if so contracted, or promptly 
after reaching seaboard. 

HOLLAND-AMERICAN LINE, 
39 Broadway, New York. 
86 La Salle St., Chicago, III. 
Newport News, Virginia. 



^UNITED STATES 

SAJPPJn*C^> Com Pan y 




FLOUR SHIPMENTS A SPECIALTY. 

Regular sailings from Newport News to Hamburg, Rotterdam, 
Amsterdam, Antwerp, Glasgow, Bristol, Leith, Dublin, Belfast, 
Hull, Manchester and other European ports. Cars of flour are 
run into covered piers alongside and unloaded direct to 
steamer. For further information apply to any of the agents 
of the Kanawha Despatch, Cumberland Gap Dispatch, C. & O., 
N. & W., Southern, and Seaboard Air Line Railways, and the 
Atlantic Coast Line, to D. J. DONOVAN, General Western Agt., or to 
THE UNITED STATES SHIPPING CO.. Produce Ex., New York. N. Y. 




HARRISON LINE. 



DIRECT SERVICE 

Liverpool to New Orleans 

AND 

New Orleans to Liverpool 

Express through service every ten days by Harrison Line from 

Calcutta to New Orleans 

ALSO 

Mexico to New Orleans 



Through Bills of Lading are issued and through rates of freight 
quoted from Calcutta and from ail towns in Great Britain and from 
ports on the Continent to all points in the United States ; and as 
these steamers run all the year round, importers in the west are 
enabled to have their goods shipped regularly direct and in bond 
through the port of New Orleans. 

Apply to Thos. & Jas. Harrison, Mersey Chambers, Liverpool; 
or to the Agents. In Calcutta, Horre, Miller & Co. Alfred 
Le Blanc, Agent, 829 Gravier St., New Orleans, La. R. W. Light - 
burne, Jr., Board of Trade, Kansas City. 



Atlantic Transport Line, 



FROM 



NEW YORK, PHILADELPHIA, BALTIMORE, 

(Weekly Service.)- (About B) very Ten Days.) 

TO LONDON. 



MINNETONKA, 13,400 tons 

(Building) 

MINNEWASKA, 13,400 tons 

(Building) 

MINNEAPOLIS, 13,400 tons 
MINNEHAHA, 13,400 tons 
MARQUETTE, 10,000 tons 
MENOMINEE, 10,000 tons 



MESABA, 10,000 tons 
MANITOU, 10,000 tons 
MICHIGAN, 10,000 tons 
MACKINAW, 5,500 tons 
MINNESOTA, 5,500 tons 
MARYLAND, 4,000 tons 
MONTANA, 4,000 tons 



Special Attention to Shipments of Flour. 



The New York Service is equipped with Large, New, Electric- 
Lighted, Steam-Heated Steamers, carrying only first-cabin passen- 
gers. All Cabins on Deck. Thorough Ventilation. 

234 La Salle Street, Chicago, Ills. 

Guaranty Loon Bldg., Minneapolis, Minn. 

Continental Trust Bldg., Boltimore. 
1 Broadway, New York. 

Bourse Building, Philadelphia. 

108 Fenchurch Street, London, 



Marine 
Insurance. 



"THE ALL RISKS CLAUSE" of In- 
surance was originated by this firm, and 
can only be obtained in its proper and full- 
est sense through us. 

Up-to-Date Marine Insurance. 

Used by the leading exporting millers in 
the country and the only insurance en- 
dorsed by every foreign receiver. 



ri f* £1 W Kfc 21 C> \l "C We collect drawbacks on Jute Ex- 
YJYIX tVUcIC/IVO* port Sacks for our customers in the 
promptest manner and at a greater economy than can be secured 
through any bag house or drawback or custom-house brokers^ 



Flf*** III QI1 VZWXrC* Exceptional facilities for the 

1 **C I I lOtl I ailvC* prompt insuring of flour or 
other merchandise, while stored at terminals or elsewhere. 



Chas, E. & W, R Peck, 

58 William Street, NEW YORK, 
1115 and 1116 Royol Ins. Bldg., CHICAGO, ILLS. 
1107 Williamson Bldg., CLEVELAND, O. 



HINTS ON EXPORTING 



A FEW SUGGESTIONS FOR 
THE GUIDANCE OF MIL- 
LERS WHO ARE BEGINNERS 
IN THE EXPORT TRADE 



Revised and Edited by 

KINGSLAND SMITH 



o^k 







Sixth Edition 



MINNEAPOLIS 

THE NORTHWESTERN MILLER 

1902 






THE LIBRARY ©F 
©ONGKESS, 

Two Copies Receives 

FEB. 28 1902 

G©PYH»HT ENTRY 

CLASS ^XXo. No 

copy a 




COPYRIGHT, 1902, BY 
WM. C. EDGAR 




CONTENTS 



Banking 


28 


In Conclusion . 


33 


Bills of Exchange . 


25 


Insurance Certificate 


26 


C. I. F. . 


14 


Invoice . 


24 


Codes and Cabling 


10 


Line Agents . 


9 


Computation in English 




Loading Cars 


21 


Money . 


15 


Markets 


7 


Confirming Rate . 


19 


Payment of Loss 


11 


Confirmation of Cables 


18 


' Preface .... 


4 


Consigning Flour . 


29 


Remarks . 


32 


Contracting Freight . 


18 


Sacks .... 


12 


Delays in Transit . 


32 


The Brand 


20 


Delivered Terms 


15 


The First Shipment 


11 


Drawback on Sacks 


13 


The First Step . 


5 


Flour Samples . 


8 


The Shipping Bill 


23 


Hypothecation Papers . 


25 


Through Bills of Lading . 


24 


Illustration of Cabling 


16 


Visiting Foreign Markets 


29 



APPENDIX, 



Continental Wheat Quotations 57 

Equivalent of Sacks in Barrel Quantities . . . . .56 

Flour Price Equivalents 48 

Flour Tables . 58-60 

Freight Rate Table . . . 49-52 

Gold Equivalent of Sterling Freight Rates . . . .54 

Ocean Rate .......... 55 

Rates of Freight per Bushel 53-54 

Value of Foreign Money ........ 47 

Weights and Measures 46 




PREFACE TO SIXTH EDITION. 



It has been apparent to all who are familiar with the 
flour trade, that for several years past the volume of direct 
flour shipments from this country has been, in a measure, 
limited by the lack of information on the part of many of 
our miller^ as to the. ways and methods of carrying on an 
export flour trade. It is a fact that many millers who are 
making excellent flour in a modest way, and who really 
need an outlet for their product, are kept out of foreign 
markets by a lack of knowledge of the primary details of 
the business. With an abundant crop of excellent wheat, 
it is to be expected that many millers who have hitherto 
found a market nearer home for their flour will be desirous 
of extending their trade so as to be able to export when ne- 
cessity demands it. For the benefit of such, this pamphlet 
is especially intended. 

Previous editions have met with the appreciation of the 
trade, and Hints on Exporting has proved to be convenient 
and useful. In response to an increased demand, this sixth 
edition is issued. It has been edited and revised by Mr. 
Kingsland Smith, and many valuable features and conven- 
ient tables have been added, so that it is hoped that Hints 
on Exporting may be of service to millers of experience in 
exporting as well as to beginners. 




Hints on Exporting. 



THE FIRST STEP, 

The first step is to form a connection with a firm on 
the other side of the Atlantic which will treat you fairly 
and take no undue advantages. There are all sorts of firms 
and individuals in the flour trade in the old country, and 
one will find about the same percentage of tricky and irre- 
sponsible dealers there as on this side, as many of our mill- 
ers have discovered, to their sorrow. 

There are many ways of forming this connection. Some- 
times you will meet the buyer by chance, or will make his 
acquaintance through your advertisement in the North- 
western Miller, for it is presumed that all intelligent millers 
of the present age who desire to cultivate an extension of 
their trade, either foreign or domestic, are represented in 
these columns. It is customary for many of the flour im- 
porters on the other side to send a representative to this 
country once a year to solicit business and look over the 
trade. As a rule, however, these gentlemen visit only the 
large milling centers, unless correspondence has already tak- 
en place, in which event they make it a point to visit the 
miller, even if somewhat out of their way. This acquaint- 

5 



ance will almost invariably prove valuable to the miller, 
and the more of such calls he receives, the wider will be his 
knowledge of the foreign trade and general condition of the 
world's markets. 

The leading flour factors of Great Britain and the con- 
tinent are in the habit of carrying a card in the columns 
of the Northwestern Miller, which is regarded as the sole 
recognized medium of public communication between the 
American miller and the foreign buyer. Those factors ad- 
vertising in the Northwestern Miller are responsible and 
reliable firms, as it is a rule of this journal to admit no 
others. 

Since November, 1894, thanks to the enterprise of the 
Northwestern Miller, there has been provided for American 
millers quite a new and valuable means of opening up ex- 
port connections. The Miller then raised its London 
agency to a permanent branch, with an experienced Ameri- 
can miller in charge. The London branch of the Miller 
is in close touch with the foreign flour importers, most of 
whom are personally known to its London manager, who is 
thus able to inform millers just what dealers will be most 
likely to do well with their particular kind of flour. Some 
dealers have an outlet for one kind of flour, and some for 
another, while some dealers have all the connections they 
feel they can do justice to among the millers, and others 
are open to take on more connections. 

There are various ways of doing business in Europe, as 
in America. We will say nothing about the tricky and un- 
reliable dealers, but, even among the good ones, there are 
some who prefer to buy mill brands, some who will only buy 
under their own brands, some who will not handle the flour 
of a mill unless they can have the exclusive agency for the 
mill within a prescribed territory, and then there are other 
importers who buy under the private brands of their cus- 
tomers. We may add that there are some dealers who can 
only take a limited quantity of flour, but can pay a relatively 
high price for it, while others buy large lines, but must buy 

6 



cheap in order to place the flour. Again, some dealers buy on 
their own account, and others act only as agents, either 
financing the transaction themselves, or letting the miller 
draw direct on the buyer. Thus it will be seen that only 
one who is on the spot and is thoroughly posted as to the 
different features of the trade, can tell what dealers are 
most likely to work a satisfactory trade for a particular 
flour. 

To enable the London manager of the Northwestern 
Miller to advise intelligently, it is desirable for millers to 
give full information as to their situation for exporting, 
embracing the following particulars . How much flour it 
is expected to export annually, and of what grades ; is the 
trade likely to be steady and continuous, or occasional only ; 
has the mill any export connections already, and, if so, 
where; and under what brands do they handle the flour, 
and what territory has been assigned them. The im- 
portance of the last query will be understood from the fact 
that certain territory — as, for instance, the north of Ireland 
— is commonly worked from Liverpool and Glasgow. 
Naturally, the dealer in Liverpool, who is working a cer- 
tain brand in Ireland, does not want to have a Glasgow 
merchant offering the same brand in the same markets, and 
vice versa. 

So great has been the demand on the time of the man- 
ager of the London office since the establishment of the 
branch, that it has been found necessary to limit this service 
to firms that advertise in the Northwestern Miller. They 
are entitled to the services of its London branch, to the 
fullest extent. 

MARKETS. 

It is well to know which is the best foreign market for 
your particular kind of flour. Glasgow is a good market 
for hard spring wheat flours, and also winter wheat flour 
of high grade. Liverpool is also a good market for high- 
grade winter and spring wheat flours. London affords an 

7 



outlet for almost any kind of flour, though it is specially 
suited for good spring wheat or Kansas hard wheat flour, 
and Amsterdam, Holland, is a good market for clear flours 
and low-grades. From among these, select your point and 
correspond with your selection of houses, with a view of es- 
tablishing business. 

FLOUR SAMPLES, 

Naturally, the first request you will receive is for a sam- 
ple of your flour — or you may send a good-sized mail sam- 
ple at the same time you dispatch your letter of inquiry, re- 
questing a statement as to its probable value in the market 
you are seeking to enter, of which you can get a fair idea 
from the quotations in the Northwestern Miller. 

Flour samples must now be sent according to the regu- 
lations governing the transmission of "dry powders." . These 
conditions were made by the universal postal convention of 
Vienna, which governs the exchange of mails between all 
the countries embraced in the postal union. According to 
this ruling, the limit of size of sample packages is made 
twelve by eight by four inches. The limit of weight is 
twelve ounces to France, Great Britain, Belgium, Switzer- 
land, Argentine Republic and Italy, and eight and three- 
fourths ounces to all other countries. The government 
regulation requires that the samples must be placed in "out- 
side bags of linen or parchment." Millers who send sam- 
ples of flour by mail must comply with this regulation or 
have their packages returned as not transmissible. 

For the convenience of exporting millers, a special bag 
has been made, which complies in every respect with the 
regulations of the postal department. These can be ob- 
tained from the Northwestern Miller, at the uniform price 
of $5 per hundred. 

The most experienced export millers usually desire to 
send larger samples than those admitted to the mail, in 
which case they send by express, prepaying charges, of 
course. This gives the buyer several pounds with which to 



experiment, and is unquestionably more satisfactory to him. 
The expense, however, is considerably greater, and hence 
this method is seldom used until the preliminary arrange- 
ments have been made and there exists more than a prob- 
lematical market for the flour. 

LINE AGENTS. 

As soon as you have made up your mind to engage in 
the export trade, write to the line agents at the nearest 
railroad terminal to your place of business ; for instance, 
Minneapolis, Chicago, Kansas City, St. Louis, Cincinnati, 
Pittsburgh, Buffalo, something about as follows : 

Agent Line, 



Dear Sir: We are about to begin an export business, 
and would thank you to put our name on your list and send 
us postal notifications of changes in foreign freight rates, 
with a view to business with your line, and oblige, 

Yours, etc., 

(Signed) 

These requests should be sent to five or six line agents. 

Millers in the Northwest can avail themselves in the 
summer time of lower rates via Duluth and Superior, and 
winter wheat millers can frequently get lower rates via 
Chicago, Toledo and Milwaukee, during season of lake nav- 
igation. 

These line agents will give you through rates from the 
point at which they take the freight, to destination, including 
the ocean rate. 

The shipper has nothing whatever to do with the ocean 
rates, as fast freight lines quote to destination. 

If a miller is located at an interior point, all he has to 
do is to add his local freight, or transit rate, from his mill to 
where he takes the fast freight line, and he has his through 
rate from the mill to destination. 

By the time a reply is received from the foreign firm con- 

9 



cerning the sample of flour, the miller should be in receipt 
of replies and quotations from all the fast freight men to 
whom he has written. 

CODES AND CABLING. 

All c. i. f. business is done by cable, and it is often neces- 
sary to cable in regard to consignments, so, as it costs from 
twenty-five to forty cents per word to cable, and every word 
is charged for — even the address and signature — it is neces- 
sary to have a cable code, by which a message can be trans- 
mitted in few words and a reversible cable address, by 
which the signature can be dispensed with. 

A reversible cable address is a word mutually agreed 
upon between a miller and his customer, and is often made 
up of parts of two names. Thus, the reversible cable ad- 
dress used by the Northwestern Miller with its London 
representative is "Palmking," from Palmer and Kingsland. 
A word having been agreed upon, request every telegraph 
company in your town to register the word as a reversible 
cable address between yourself and your foreign correspon- 
dent, giving his full address. If the word you have selected 
is already in use by other parties, then request the cable 
company to supply you with a word. Suppose the word 
you register is "Rollermill ;" then you address your cables 
simply "Rollermill, London," for instance, and your Lon- 
don correspondent addresses his cables, "Rollermill, St. 
Paul," and, as you have only arranged with one corres- 
pondent in London to use this address, although the cable 
is not signed, you will know that it is from him. Where 
millers have several correspondents in a place, they often 
have many different cable addresses registered. The tele- 
graph companies make no charge for registering a cable ad- 
dress. It is customary for millers doing an export business 
to have one general cable address, which can be used until 
a special cable address is registered. A general cable ad- 
dress should be printed on your letter paper. 

Apropos of letter paper a word of caution may be given 

10 



as to postage. Be careful to allow five cents postage for 
each half ounce. It is very annoying for the importer to 
be called on to pay six cents deficiency postage on a letter 
sent off with a two cent stamp, or ten cents on a letter con- 
taining advertising matter. Unfortunately this is a daily 
occurrence. 

As for cable codes, though there are several it is well 
to get a code that is in common use. The Riverside code 
is now used almost exclusively between American millers 
and foreign flour buyers. It can be had for $3 per copy — 
with discounts for quantities — from the Northwestern Mill- 
er's office in Minneapolis or London. If much cabling is 
to be done, a better way is to get a dozen codes and send 
one to each of your correspondents, keeping a duplicate to 
use with each, so that brands and special phrases can be en- 
tered from time to time without chance of error. Too great 
care cannot be exercised in cabling. Never economize by 
leaving out a word that would make the meaning plainer. 
Confirm promptly by letter all cables sent and received. 
Have all entries in the code book confirmed by your corre- 
spondents. In some markets the expression "December- 
January" shipment, etc., is construed to mean shipment one- 
half in December and one-half in January, so it is safer to 
accept this as the meaning of such expressions and to use 
the word meaning "shipment within 60 days," when the 
miller desires the option of shipping any time within two 
months. There are several editions of the Riverside code, 
but the 1 90 1 edition is the one in most general use, and for 
this reason it is desirable to get the 1901 edition. 

THE FIRST SHIPMENT. 

Probably the London and Glasgow markets are as good 
as any for a starter, and it is usually customary to send a 
trial shipment of all different grades made, to be handled 
as a consignment. This shipment may be of any size, from 
a single mixed carload up to a carload of each grade. The 
standard bag for the London and Glasgow- market is the 

11 



140-lb one. It is customary in British markets to call the 
280-lb package a "sack," while the 140-lb package is called 
a "bag." Prices are always quoted per 280 lbs, whatever 
sized package the flour is shipped in. On the Continent 
prices are made per 100 kilos (2203^2 lbs), and flour is 
shipped in bags of 50 kilos. 

After this trial shipment has been made, and the quality 
and value of the flour fixed in the mind of the buyer, you 
are ready to make or receive an offer. 

SACKS, 

Do not use a cheap, inferior bag for export shipment. 
It is always advisable to use a good quality. Buy as closely 
as you please, but do not start your flour on its long journey 
in a poorly-made or light-weight bag. 

Poor sacks are a poor advertisement for any mill. Get 
the best export sacks you can buy, sew them doubly across 
the top and tie good-sized ears on the bags. 

Put full weight in the sacks. They may increase in 
weight in transit by absorption of the moisture, but it will 
not pay to take the chances. Buyers abroad know about 
the absorption business, as well as we. 

Speaking of sacks, the Northwestern Miller says : 

"We would seriously recommend, as a part of every mer- 
chant miller's education, that he visit personally some of 
the large docks and warehouses in the east, and also^ abroad, 
and there see for himself the condition of his flour. A tour 
of this sort would open the eyes of some, even among the 
largest flour producers of this country, who are inclined to 
think that their flour, being the finest in the world, of course, 
should be so acknowledged by every buyer. If they could 
note the jaded, dirty, travel-stained, bedraggled, torn, 
wretched-looking packages bearing the brands to which 
they are so fondly attached, and then imagine the condition 
these must be in by the time they finally reach the consum- 
er, they would blush for the trivial saving accomplished by 
using a flimsy sack instead of a good one, and would be so 

12 



impatient to reform their slatternly methods of packing and 
shipping that the telegraph would be called into requisition 
in order to behead the slovenly employee who was respon- 
sible. 

"The use of poor sacks, whether of jute or of cotton, is 
extremely bad economy. First-class sacks cost but little 
more than flimsy ones, and the increased satisfaction in their 
use extends all along the line, and, in the long run, will 
amply repay the slight additional expense. Indeed, really 
first-class millers who know something about human nature, 
as well as about flour making, and are astute enough to look 
beyond their mill doors, have long since abandoned the use 
of cheap bags, and buy the best they can find, for this is a 
case where the best is indeed the cheapest. By using a su- 
perior grade of sack and exercising proper care in loading 
and shipping, flour can be delivered to buyers in practically 
as good condition as it was when it left the mill, and the 
miller who insists on this being done' adds more to the value 
of his brands and the welcome of his flour than can be ac- 
complished by many thousands of lithographed monstrosi- 
ties, telling, in strong language and stronger colors, how 
great is his mill and how pre-eminently superior is the out- 
put thereof." 

The sacks should weigh 280 lbs, gross, full weight, and 
the bags 140 lbs. 

DRAWBACK ON SACKS. 

A duty is imposed on jute, but exporters of sacks made 
from this material are allowed a rebate or drawback. As 
flour is usually shipped abroad in jute sacks, the exporting 
miller is entitled to this rebate ; in order to obtain it he must 
comply with the government's regulations. On April 28th, 
1899, the treasury department issued the following instruc- 
tions : 

The provisions of article JJJ (p. 340) of the Customs 
Regulations of 1802, that "bags entered for exportation 
with benefit of drawback must be plainly marked with 

13 



words, 'For drawback'," is hereby supplemented as follows : 
Such marking must be made with indelible ink upon the 
side of the bag, exhibiting the brand in letters not less than 
two inches in height and of proportionate width. The fore- 
going regulation to apply to bags manufactured after July 
i, 1899. Bags manufactured prior to July 1, 1899, are ad- 
missible under the old regulations, if marked with the words 
"For drawback," in indelible ink, but if not so marked 
they must be re-marked plainly with the words, "For 
drawback," in indelible ink, and preliminary entries here- 
after made for such bags must state that they were manu- 
factured prior to July, 1899. Department circular No. 
47, of March 25, 1899 (Synopsis 20,906), is hereby super- 
seded. 

O. L. Spaulding, Acting Secretary. 

It will thus be seen that the bags must be marked "For 
Drawback" in accordance with the foregoing instructions. 
The exporter should get from the initial railroad the dupli- 
cate bill of lading, as elsewhere described. This can be 
turned over to the house from which the bags were bought, 
which will make the collection from the government and 
credit the miller with the proceeds. 

Our treasury department has shown a strong desire to 
discourage the collection of drawbacks and in order to do 
so has insisted upon as much "red tape" as possible. It is 
well, therefore, to comply strictly with regulations. As these 
change with the whims of the department it is necessary 
to keep posted on the government's requirements; this can 
be done through your bag house. 

G I. F. 

Flour sales are now almost universally made on c. i. f. 
terms. These letters, which so often appear in the market 
records, mean cost, insurance and freight. That is to say, 
you are expected to make a price on the flour delivered at 
the foreign port, and the only charges which you are to 
deduct from your invoice are the freight charges and the 

14 



commission agreed upon, which is usually 2 per cent on the 
gross amount of the invoice. 

The 2 per cent commission is used in our example, as 
that is the general commission allowed on all c. i. f. busi- 
ness. Some houses demand 2]/ 2 per cent, while others will 
accept i J / 2 per cent, but, in all cases, unless "net c. i. f" 
terms are quoted, a commission should be deducted. 

Occasionally, a foreign buyer prefers to receive quota- 
tions net, with no commission included, and, in such cases, 
a notation should be made in the code book to this effect. 

On c. i. f. sales made for prompt shipment, it is under- 
stood that the miller has fourteen days in which to make 
shipment ; that is, the flour must be shipped from the mill 
in fourteen days from time of sale. 

It is understood that firm orders by cable are open for 
reply within twenty-four hours, except in the case of Sun- 
days or holidays, which do not count. The English holi- 
days are different from the American holidays, and are as 
follows : Good Friday, Easter Monday, Whit Monday, 
First Monday in August, December 25th and 26th. 

DELIVERED TERMS. 

C.I. F. must not be confounded with "Delivered Terms," 
for this expression conveys an increased value to the flour, 
as unloading, dock charges and delivery are understood 
when "delivered terms" are used. The difference is about 
nine pence — 18 cents — per 280 lbs. 

COMPUTATION IN ENGLISH MONEY. 

To arrive at the value of flour in American money, when 
offers are received, multiply the price per 280 lbs, always in 
shillings, by twenty-four cents, the value of a shilling, and 
then take seven-tenths of the amount, which gives you the 
value per 196 lbs. 

Then deduct the 2 per cent commission, the freight 
charges, insurance premium and the cost of sacks, and the 
balance represents, approximately, the value at the mill. 

15 



To get the exact figure, the rate of exchange must be taken 
into account. This is published each week in the North- 
western Miller. If the rate for sixty-days' exchange is 
quoted at $4.86 per pound sterling, a shilling, being one- 
twentieth of a pound, is worth 24 3-ioc, and can be figured 
accordingly. It will be found a convenience to use the 
tables on page 58 in computing values of flour in foreign 
money. These tables are all figured on the basis of $4.80 
to the pound, so, to get the exact figure, it will only be 
necessary to add the premium or subtract the discount, ac- 
cording as the pound is worth more or less than $4.80. 

The standard weight of flour, on which prices are based, 
varies in the different foreign countries. As above stated, in 
England, Scotland and Ireland it is 280 lbs, and the price 
is in shillings. In Germany, the standard weight of a sack 
of flour is 100 kilos — 220^2 lbs. English — and the price is 
figured in marks and pfennigs. In Holland and Belgium 
the standard weight is also 100 kilos, but in Holland values 
are figured in guilders and centimes, and in Belgium they 
are figured in francs and centimes. An explanation of for- 
eign coins will be found in the table on page 47, and it will 
be noticed that the table of flour values, on page 58, gives 
the equivalent values of flour per 280 lbs in sterling, and 
per 2203^2 lbs in francs. 

To convert the price per bbl of 196 lbs into the equiva- 
lent per 280 lbs divide the price per bbl by 14 and multiply 
by 20 or divide by 7 and multiply by 10. Both the bbl of 
196 lbs and the sack of 280 lbs are based on the old Eng- 
lish weight of 14 lbs called a stone, the bbl being 14 stone 
and the sack 20 stone. Bearing this in mind it is easy to 
calculate prices from one weight to the other. 

ILLUSTRATION, 

To illustrate about how cables are passed in making a 
trade, we will assume that it has been previously arranged 
that you were to be addressed "Rollermill," St. Paul, and 
the buyer as "Cornhoist," London, and that your brand of 

16 



patent flour "Kenilworth" has been entered on pages 8 and 
9 of the Riverside code. On, let us say, October 8th, you 
receive a message from your London correspondent, reading 
as follows : 

London, Oct. 8th, 1896. 
Rollermill 

St. Paul 

Abode 

Turning to your code, you will find that "Abode" means 
"Have inquiry make firm offer Kenilworth," Having con- 
ferred with the agents of the fast freight lines, who are 
posted as to the ruling ocean rates, you find the lowest rate 
obtainable from your mill to London to be 45 cents per 100 
pounds. You then figure on the lowest price at which you 
care to sell your patent flour, and find that $4.00 per barrel 
(196 pounds) in bulk, on cars at your mill, is as low as you 
care to go. You accordingly figure the cost, delivered at 
London, as follows : 

280 pounds flour, at $4.00 per 196 lbs ($4.00xl0-^7=$5.71) $5.71 

Cost of sacks 17 

Freight, at 45 cents per 100 lbs 1.26 

Commission, 2 per cent, (on delivered price), about .14 

Insurance on $8.00, at 50 cents 04 

Total cost 280 lbs delivered in London $7.32 

Or, reduced to English money, 30 shillings, 6 pence per 
280 pounds. You have, at the same time, determined that 
you can offer 500 bags, but will require all of the month of 
October to grind this quantity. You turn to your code and 
find that the word "Acquitting" represents an offer of five 
hundred 140-lb bags patent flour, at 30 shillings 6 pence per 
280 pounds, c. i. f. London, and that the word "Santificar" 
means all October shipment from the mill. Your reply will 
read as follows : 

St. Paul, Oct. 8th, 1896. 
Cornhoist 

London 

Acquitting Santificar 

17 



CONFIRMATION OF CABLES. 

Every cable message sent and received should be con- 
firmed promptly by mail. It is customary to have regular 
forms printed for this purpose. In default of a regular 
printed form, confirm your cable as follows (assuming that 
you receive a cable acceptance next day) : 

Messrs. Brown, Jones & Co. 

London. 
We beg to confirm exchange of cabies with you as under. 
Received. Sent. Code Word. Reading. 

Oct. 8th. Abode Have inquiry make firm offer 

Kenil worth. 
Oct. 8th. Acquitting Offer 500 140 -lb bags patent at 

30s 6d. 
Santificar All October shipment from mill. 

Oct. 9th. Seriously We accept your offer. 

In accordance with the above, we take pleasure in entering your 
order for 500 bags of patent flour, brand "Kenil worth," at 30s 6d, 
c. i. f. London, for October shipment from mill. 
Yours truly, 

The; St. Paui, Roi/cer Milx Co. 

CONTRACTING FREIGHT. 

Formerly the average flour shipper from the interior 
knew little and cared less about ocean lines or how his flour 
went abroad. Owing to the apathy of shippers great abuses 
arose. For instance the fast freight lines sometimes issued 
through bills of lading for flour without having engaged 
any ocean freight. Then they withheld the flour for a 
favorable opportunity of contracting ocean freight. This 
often caused delays and damage most prejudicial to trade. 

Now the tendency is for millers and steamship lines to 
come into closer touch. For example the Atlantic Trans- 
port line has opened an office in Minneapolis where shippers 
can get information as to freights and sailings. Most of 
the leading steamship lines have offices in Chicago while 
many of them have their own representatives in such centers 
as St. Louis and Kansas City. 

While the small shipper at an interior point will perhaps 
do as well to rely wholly on the line agents, we advise mill- 

18 



ers wherever practicable to get into direct communication 
with the steamship companies. Thus millers can have their 
freight engagements confirmed and can learn when and 
by what steamers their flour goes forward. It frequently 
happens that importers are unable to get any track of flour 
for which they have paid and millers can aid them greatly 
by following up their shipments as suggested. 

It is, as a rule, advisable to contract the freight as soon 
as a sale is made, since ocean rates fluctuate greatly, and it 
is not wise to speculate on what they will be a week hence. 
In making a contract for transporting flour across the ocean, 
it is well to bear in mind that the best is always the cheap- 
est. Do not patronize tramp steamers, which are put on a 
route for a few months, and which are liable to be taken off 
at any time, and leave your flour lying on the wharf, where 
it will, possibly, remain for several weeks, and finally be 
transferred to another port for shipment. So far as pos- 
sible, ship by first-class lines, having regular sailings, and 
then follow your shipments by tracer, and make an honest 
effort to have them reach their destination with the least 
possible delay. Millers can depend on getting good service 
from the ocean lines advertised in the Northwestern Miller, 
as these lines make a specialty of flour and give it every 
attention. Hence it is in the interest of millers to patronize 
these lines whenever possible, 

CONFIRMING RATE. 

Foreign freight rates are usually quoted "subject to 
confirmation." Hence no rate should be used as final until 
confirmed by the line agent who quoted it. After making 
your sale, wire your acceptance of the rate to the fast 
freight agent, to whom you wish to give the business, stat- 
ing quantity, time of shipment and destination. Ocean 
freights can be contracted for either prompt or forward 
shipment. On receipt of such notice, the agent will en- 
gage the ocean room and notify you promptly of the freight 
engagement when made. From the date of receiving as- 

19 



surance that the room is secured by the agent, the miller 
has fourteen clays in which to ship flour booked for "prompt 
shipment." Some millers take the precaution to have the 
steamship company confirm the freight engagement and in 
cases of large quantities or guaranteed sea-board shipment 
this is very advisable. 

THE BRAND. 

The brand may be either printed or stenciled on the 
sacks. The cost is about the same in both cases. When 
the brand is printed on the sacks by the bag makers, the 
result is a neater and better-looking package, and the brand 
is not so easily defaced as when put on with a stencil. There 
is this to be said, however, in favor of putting the brand 
on with a stencil : you can brand the sacks as you need 
them; consequently, can carry a smaller stock, and, at the 
same time, be always ready to fill an order for any desired 
brand without having to wait for the bags to be printed and 
shipped to you. The English laws now require that all 
flour received in that country must have the name of the 
country in which the flour is made plainly marked on each 
and every package. We give on page 35 a cut showing 
about how flour should be branded. 

Two colors are ordinarily used, a very good combina- 
tion being to use black for the body brand and red or blue 
for the center-piece. Use none but the best paint, and see 
that the stenciling is neatly and thoroughly done. 

It is advisable to have your brands registered as a trade- 
mark in Great Britain. The expense is not very great — 
about $25, including the services of an English patent attor- 
ney and the expense of drawings, if the brand is not too 
complicated. Before a trademark is issued in England a 
search is made to see that no prior trademark conflicts with 
it. Sometimes a question arises as to whom a brand be- 
longs. In such cases, the trademark is prima facie evi- 
dence. Millers who are advertisers in the Northwestern 
Miller wishing to have their brands registered can have 

20 



the matter attended to by addressing the London branch of 
the Northwestern Miller. To regular advertisers in the 
paper, no charges will be made for the services of the Lon- 
don office in the matter, the only expense being the govern- 
ment fee and the attorney's bill for preparing papers and 
drawings. This had best be done in advance or you may 
find that your brand is in prior use or is otherwise unsuit- 
able for registration. Under British law names of places or 
for registration. Under British law names of places or 
words expressing quality are not eligible for registration. 
Try to make an original word or novel combination of let- 
ters. 

LOADING CARS, 

In loading cars, divide your order so that each car will 
contain either two hundred or tw r o hundred and fifty of the 
140-lb bags. The line agent with whom you have con- 
tracted your ocean freight will give you directions how the 
cars are to be routed. As soon as you have a carload ready, 
it can be loaded and started forward. 

Here are some rules for loading cars which should be 
observed by millers in shipping flour, both foreign and do- 
mestic. They were drawn up by Messrs. C. E. & W. F. 
Peck, the insurance agents : 

1. Railroads claim they are not responsible for condi- 
tion of cars when delivered to shippers' sidings. 

2. Shippers should carefully examine every car, and re- 
ject all those not in good condition. They should be tight, 
free from bad odors, and fit to receive goods. 

3. Cars should be thoroughly cleaned before goods are 
loaded. 

4. In shipping flour, see that all nails sticking out are 
knocked off. 

5. Cars should never be loaded with flour unless they 
are papered or covered with old bagging on the sides and 
ends. (Newspapers pasted on will do.) The floor should 
be covered with screenings or papered like the rest. 

21 



6. The proper way to load flour is shown in the cut. 
DOOR 



SPACE 1 FOOT. 



llll 



SPACE 1 FOOT. 



DOOR 

Leave a space opposite each door one foot wide all the way 
up. 

7. If cars are loaded in this way, doors need not be 
papered ; otherwise they should be. 

8. When flour is loaded directly on board the boats 
from the mill warehouses, insist upon dunnage boards being 
put on decks before flour is piled. 

9. We are continually working with transportation 
companies who will use hooks. We expect no miller will 
use them. 

The hints given above should be shown to the man in 
charge of loading and shipping. If he will not heed them 
after being requested to do so, another should be added 
from the office, to the effect that his resignation will not be 
regarded as an unmixed evil, and this final hint should be 
promptly followed up by the appointment of his successor. 
Men who know it all, and who will not alter their antiquated 
ways of handling flour so as to accord with the present 
transportation conditions and requirements, should not be 
tolerated in a mill any longer than is necessary to find 
others to take their places. It is strange that millers will 
invest thousands of dollars in a plant for the especial pur- 
pose of making flour in which they have a just pride; will 
employ the most expert operators and spend money freely 
to make such a flour, and then, having produced what they 
desire, will allow careless loading and packing to partially, 
and sometimes wholly, destroy the effect of their entire 
work.' 

It makes no difference how much effort has been exert- 

22 



ed to produce a first-class article, if it is allowed to go forth 
on its long- journey to market in a leaky, dirty, foul-smell- 
ing car, or is improperly loaded. Nine times out of ten, 
it arrives at its destination in bad condition, and, although 
it may be intact and the buyer may not make a claim for 
damage, still, the flour, no matter how intrinsically good it 
may be, makes a distinctly bad impression, which works 
to the disadvantage of the miller, through jobber to re- 
tailer, and from retailer to consumer, and ultimately affects 
its value. Many an excellent brand has been "hoodooed" 
effectually by the carelessness of a slouchy employee to 
whom had been intrusted the duty of seeing it properly 
loaded and shipped. The suggestions we quote were made 
especially with reference to export shipments, but they are 
equally valuable in shipping to nearer markets, and, no 
matter how small a mill may be, its owner will do well to 
see that these details are properly attended to. The man 
whose duty it is to see the last of the flour which the mill 
has been at such pains and expense to produce, should take 
as much pride in conscientiously starting it off in first-class 
condition, as does the miller in manufacturing it. If he 
does not take interest and pride in the proper discharge 
of his duty, although it is literally the last thing about the 
mill, he is not the man for the position. 

THE SHIPPING BILL. 

The shipping bill will be made out on the same blanks 
used for your ordinary local or New England shipments, 
and will be signed by your railroad station agent. These 
receipts should be made out substantially as shown on page 
36. You will notice that this flour is shipped to your own 
order, 'notify" the firm it is sold to. This is done to make 
a correct bill of exchange against it, for if it was not to 
shipper's order, consignee could obtain possession of flour 
without paying draft. In doing* an export business, always 
ship goods to your own order, and endorse the bill of lad- 
ing. Even when consigning, do this. 

23 



THROUGH BILLS OF LADING. 

The original of the railroad receipt is now sent to the 
agent who quoted you the rate, with instructions to issue 
shipper a bill of lading ; also to insure, if you have not made 
other arrangements for insurance. Any number of carloads 
may be covered by a through bill. In filling large orders, 
it is customary to have a through bill issued to cover five 
carloads. This is regulated, in a measure, by the state of 
the miller's finances. If funds are needed, at any time, you 
can have a bill of lading issued to cover as many receipts 
as you may have, from one upward. 

When the documents are returned from the line agent, 
shipper will find three bills of lading, one tissue copy of 
them, and insurance certificate in duplicate. One of the 
bills of lading is to be endorsed and sent to your sack house 
for collection of rebate. This copy will be marked "Copy, 
not negotiable, for custom house purposes only. No other 
custom house copy has been issued." Separate this from 
the others. The two copies left are original and duplicate. 
Each of these, shipper endorses in blank ; that is, signs his 
firm name across the back, without specifying to whom to 
deliver the flour. The insurance certificates are signed in 
the same way. 

The cut given on page 38 is a fac-simile of the bill of 
lading used by one of the fast freight lines, and fairly repre- 
sents this much-abused document, of which so much has 
been said and written. After receiving the bill of lading, 
it should be carefully looked over, to see that no clerical er- 
rors have been made, and that the rate named corresponds 
with the contract. 

INVOICE. 

The next document in order is the invoice for the flour 
covered by the bill of lading. Two of these should be 
made. This document, as well as all others connected with 
the shipment, should be of even date with the bill of lading. 
It is usually made out as illustrated on page 37. 

24 



HYPOTHECATION PAPERS. 

The hypothecation papers, which are attached, are both 
a safeguard to the shipper, and a protection to the banks, 
in case the bill of exchange is not paid at maturity by the 
party on whom it is drawn. They are contracts between 
the consignor and the bank to which the bill of exchange is 
sold, giving the last holders of the document the right to 
sell the flour and apply the proceeds towards paying the 
draft, and stating that the deficit, if any, is to be made good 
by the consignors of the flour. They also instruct the bank 
when to deliver the bill of lading, viz., on payment of the 
draft, thus protecting the shipper. The form shown on 
page 44 is the one in general use. 

In Great Britain and Holland the banks never surrender 
the bill of lading, which means possession of the flour, until 
the draft is paid or guaranteed, by what is called a "bank- 
ers' guarantee," equivalent to payment. In Belgium, and in 
some other continental countries, the banks sometimes, un- 
less distinctly instructed to the contrary, deliver bill of lad- 
ing on the acceptance of draft merely. The hypothecation 
paper provides against such surrender of property, but oc- 
casionally American bankers, not being provided with hy- 
pothecation blanks for the accommodation of their custo- 
mers, waive their use, and handle the documents with the 
draft alone. In transactions with Great Britain and Hol- 
land, this is safe, perhaps, but in dealing with other coun- 
tries it involves risk. In case the hypothecation paper is 
dispensed with, it is, therefore, necessary that draft should 
contain this clause, prominently printed or written on its 
face : "Documents to be delivered only upon cash pay- 
ment of draft." Neglect of this precaution has, in some 
cases, cost the miller severe loss. 

BILLS OF EXCHANGE. 

The bills of exchange, or drafts, two of which are used 
for each shipment, are known as first and second of ex- 
change, and are payable sixty days after sight. All values 

25 



should be specified in the money of the country- to which 
the shipment goes, and not in dollars and cents. The cut 
on page 42 fully illustrates this simple document. 

Some importers desire this notation on drafts : "Against 

line, through bill of lading, No. , dated , for 

sacks of flour, branded , value received." This 

is to protect the acceptor of the draft against the bank, so 
that when a bill is paid the documents will be delivered. 
Otherwise, the banker might hypothecate the documents and 
the consignee be held on his acceptance, whether he ob- 
tained the documents or not. Some mills have this notation 
printed on their drafts. 

INSURANCE CERTIFICATE. 

The last, but by no means the least, important of the 
documents, are the insurance certificates. There are many 
companies in the field, who make a specialty of writing ma- 
rine insurance. Insurance can always be effected by the 
line agent whose rate you accept ; he will send you the cer- 
tificate, and you will get the bill for premium at the end of 
the month from the agency or firm issuing the certificate. 
It is always best to insure for about 10 per cent over the 
value of the flour at destination. In the event of loss, com- 
plications are not so liable to ensue if insurance is ample, 
and the flour contracts of some markets require 10 per cent 
excess insurance. 

In case you prefer to get your insurance without the as- 
sistance of the line agent, the insurance companies will fur- 
nish a book of certificates which take the place of a policy. 
This certificate, as is indicated by the illustration given on 
page 40, should be filled out, showing the amount of insur- 
ance, the number and brand of sacks, number of bill of lad- 
ing, and the route and name of steamship line by which the 
flour is to be forwarded. A tissue copy is then made of 
both original and duplicate certificate, which must be mailed 
promptly to the agents of the insurance company. 

By reference to the advertising columns of the North- 

26 



western Miller, you will find the addresses of competent and 
reliable insurance agents. The clause now most generally 
used is the "all risks clause," by which the insurance com- 
pany agrees to pay any damage, however small. Formerly, 
it was customary to have the $75 clause, by which the insur- 
ance company agreed to pay any loss exceeding $75 on one 
shipment. If the loss was less than $75, the shipper had to 
bear it. Millers should insist upon having insurance bear- 
ing the ''all-risks clause." It is an advance over all other 
forms of insurance, and is in use by the leading export 
millers of the country. 

PAYMENT OF LOSS. 

From a circular issued by Messrs. C. E. & W. F. Peck, 
we quote the following, which is of value to those who 
carry insurance policies on their flour : 

To insure the prompt payment of domestic claims, the 
insurance companies need the following papers : 

1. Invoice or extract or copy, showing value of goods 
when shipped. 

2. One of the original bills of lading. 

3. Paid expense bill. 

4. Sworn bill of loss by consignee, showing : 

a.' Sound value at destination. 

b. Proceeds. 

c. Number of packages damaged. 

d. Nature and extent of damage. 

[This should be corroborated by the agent of the trans- 
portation company delivering goods to consignee, wherever 
possible.] 

5. Copy of protest (whenever entered). 

6. Memorandum of how goods are signed for by the 
transportation company or individual receiving goods from 
steamer line. 

We respectfully suggest that our friends do not present 
claims under the all-risks flour clause until attempts to re- 
cover from carriers have been exhausted. When presented, 

27 



would ask you to kindly see that the foregoing requirements 
are substantially complied with. This will, in the end, 
save trouble and correspondence, and enable us to present 
your case in a better way to the insurance company. 

All domestic shipments should be insured for a sum 
equal to the value of goods at point of destination, in order 
to insure payment in full of claim, if otherwise correct. 

BANKING. 

We are now ready for the bank: Take hypothecation 
paper, one bill of lading, one certificate of insurance, one 
draft ; pin these together — they form the originals. Then 
take remaining hypothecation paper, bill of lading, certifi- 
cate of insurance, and draft, and pin these together. Fold 
them up so as to fit nicely into the bank deposit book, and 
take them to the bank for credit to your account. Not for 
collection, because the attachment of documents to your 
draft has made it a bill of exchange. The following course 
is recommended to country shippers. 

Even if your banker has never handled foreign ex- 
change, insist upon its being placed to your credit, and di- 
rect him to send all papers forward to his eastern corre- 
spondent for sale, and to report proceeds. The credit to 
your account should be figured at $4.80 per pound sterling, 
and when the banker gets his returns he should credit your 
account with whatever premium he receives, or charge it 
with discount. Sometimes exchange sells for a premium 
of two to six cents on the pound sterling;. at times it is at 
a discount of one-half to one cent, according as the balance 
of trade is for or against the United States. 

The miller should get his banker to endorse his draft be- 
fore sending it east for sale. 

The reason for making two sets of these papers is that, 
in event of one being lost or destroyed in the mails, the 
other would take its place. It is customary for the banks 
to mail these documents at least a day apart, in order that 
they may cross the ocean on different steamers. 

28 



The shipper then writes consignee of the shipment and 
drafts being made, inclosing invoice, and if he has a cor- 
rect record of the transaction on his books he can enclose 
the yellow tissue copy of bill of lading. The transaction 
is now complete. 

CONSIGNING FLOUR. 

After you have made your first shipment, do not consign 
flour to anyone, under any circumstances. If you cannot 
make sales to arrive, do not let a single sack of flour leave 
your mill. The practice of consigning flour is a most perni- 
cious one, and has proved the ruin of far too many Ameri- 
can millers. 

VISITING FOREIGN MARKETS. 

It is desirable for millers who contemplate doing an ex- 
port business to make a trip abroad for the purpose of mak- 
ing the personal acquaintance of the trade and of getting a 
more complete knowledge of details than can be obtained 
by correspondence. 

Such a trip can be made to cover Great Britain and Hol- 
land in from two to three months, the expense being, ac- 
cording to accommodation on the steamers, from $100 to 
$250 for the passage over and back from New York. Ex- 
penses on the other side may be figured at $5 to $7.50 a day, 
according to the class of hotels and railway traveling selected. 
In England and Scotland, the third-class railway coaches 
are perfectly comfortable, particularly in summer, and the 
cost is about half the first-class rate. Those who wish to 
save trouble in the purchase of tickets may secure round- 
trip tickets to all principal points from either Thomas Cook 
& Son or Gaze & Co., both of which firms have offices in 
all principal cities. 

Advertisers in the Northwestern Miller may have their 
mail from home sent to care 01 the Northwestern Miller's 
London office, whence it will be forwarded to such ad- 
dresses as the traveler may designate from time to time. 
Cables or telegrams may likewise be sent to this address 

29 



viz., "care Millefiori, London." In Europe the address is 
charged for in telegrams, hence it is a saving to the sender 
of a telegram to use the registered telegraphic address of 
his correspondent. If desired, its advertisers will be fur- 
nished by the Northwestern Miller with the names of hotels 
at various European cities. Hotel coupons, good for hotel 
accommodation in the various foreign cities, may also be 
obtained of either Thomas Cook & Son or Gaze & Co. 
These coupons, being available in all countries, avoid the 
necessity of the traveler's taking much money with him. 
Intending travelers may, by writing the New York offices 
of either of the above firms, obtain complete estimates of the 
cost and time necessary for any projected trip. 

Bristol and Hull may be visited from London and a 
journey of one night brings the traveler from London to 
Holland by the Queensboro'-Flushing or Harwich and 
Hook of Holland routes. In visiting the different markets, 
it is well to time the visit so as to be in a city on its market 
day, and in sending cables abroad it is well to send them so 
the importer will have them in hand on a market day. In 
London the market days are Mondays, Wednesdays and 
Fridays, Monday being the principal day. The Glasgow 
market days are the same as in London, except that in Glas- 
gow Wednesday is the principal day. The Liverpool days 
are Tuesdays and Fridays. The other towns generally have 
one or two market days weekly. 

Letters of introduction will be furnished by the North- 
western Miller to its advertising patrons, accrediting them 
to prominent firms in the various markets, and, if the trav- 
eler is going abroad for the first time, it will be well for him 
to go first to London and consult there with the representa- 
tive of the Northwestern Miller as to routes, places to visit, 
firms to call on, etc. * 

For convenience in reaching London, the American line, 
landing at Southampton, is unexcelled. The steamers on 
this line are fast, and, being of very recent construction, 
they embody all the latest improvements for the comfort 

30 



and safety of passengers. The trip from New York to 
Southampton is made in about six and a half days, and the 
service is first-class throughout. Being an American line 
this naturally meets with the cordial support of the Ameri- 
can traveler. Millers going by this line will do well to 
write to Samuel Bettle, general freight agent of the Ameri- 
can line, 307 Walnut street, Philadelphia, who will see that 
the best possible accommodation is given them. If the 
miller can afford to spend longer time on the water, we 
recommend the Atlantic Transport line. The vessels of 
this line are first-class in every respect, but, being freighters, 
they take longer (9 to 10 days) to make the trip. They 
land you in London itself, the trip up the Thames being an 
enjoyable part of the journey. Offsetting the longer time 
are the advantages of great steadiness, rolling being almost 
entirely obviated by two extra keels, and the pitching is less 
than on faster steamers. The price is also much less than 
by the faster lines, $80 to $100 being the charge for the 
round trip. The writer of this has recently made a trip on 
the steamer Minnehaha of this line, and it was one of the 
most comfortable ocean trips he has ever made. In the 
summer months these steamers are frequently booked com- 
pletely full several months in advance ; hence it is advis- 
able to engage passage well ahead, but from August to April 
there is not so much eastward travel. 

Millers desiring to sail direct to Holland, will find ex- 
cellent service via the Holland-America Line from New 
York to Rotterdam and Amsterdam. The new twin screw 
steamers of this line are from 8,000 to 12,500 tons and make 
the passage in nine and a half days. This is a favorite 
route with many of the Holland flour importers. 

We can not advise our miller friends to make a trip to 
Great Britain in the winter months, as the damp, cold cli- 
mate is very trying and much more uncomfortable than a 
far lower temperature at home. As English hotels, offices 
and railway carriages are all insufficiently heated, according 
to American standards, winter travel there is often decided- 

31 



ly uncomfortable for one who is not accustomed to it. 
Plenty of thick clothing and a warm traveling rug are in- 
dispensable for those making the trip in winter. 

REMARKS. 

Do not try any experiments on your export trade. Keep 
the standard of your flour up. Sales abroad are often made 
by sealing samples of lot sold, and these samples are sure 
to turn up when delivery is accomplished. Because your 
flour is going to distant lands, into the hands of unknown 
consumers, is a very excellent reason why you should be 
careful to have it leave your mill in every particular exactly 
as represented. The most successful exporters of flour are 
those who treat their customers with the utmost fairness, 
shipping exactly as per contract. Ship via regular lines 
and avoid tramp steamers. Never ship short weight, rely- 
ing on the moisture of the ocean trip to bring your sacks 
up to standard. Regularity in quality is of the greatest 
possible importance. Do not ship one lot a little better than 
the average, thinking that it will counterbalance some in- 
feriority on another occasion ; on the contrary, it will only 
make trouble for you thereafter. Use strong bags, brand 
them neatly and plainly, ship promptly in accordance with 
contract, and use your utmost endeavor to get the flour to 
the seaboard and on ship as quickly as possible. Trace your 
shipments regularly. 

DELAYS IN TRANSIT. 

Delays in transit are doing more to hurt the export trade 
than anything else. These can be largely overcome by fol- 
lowing up each shipment with a tracer. The foreign buyer 
must pay his draft in sixty days, whether the flour is in 
sight or not. It encourages him to further business when 
he sees the shipper interested in the delivery. Sometimes 
importers will pay an extra price for guaranteed shipment 
from seaboard within a fixed time and it is well to get from 
the transportation agents rates on shipments, both with and 
without guaranteed time of shipment, and to make offers 

32 



both ways. You should have it clearly understood with 
your customer, however, that failure to ship as per the agree- 
ment from seaboard does not entitle him to cancel the pur- 
chase, but simply entitles him to a payment of a penalty as 
you may agree upon. This agreement should be made be- 
forehand. Some mills agree to pay a fixed sum, say 3 
pence per week per sack of 280 lbs. for delay, and some pay 
the difference in market value between the time when the 
flour is shipped and when it should have been shipped. 
Your contract with the freight agent should be made to 
cover you in the payments you have to make to your cus- 
tomer, in case the shipment is delayed through fault of the 
railway or steamship company. Try to leave no possible 
cause of complaint on the part of the buyer, and endeavor 
to look at business from his point of view, as well as your 
own. Having done this, let no mistaken idea of "holding 
trade" induce you to grant concessions which are unjust. 
Having done your full duty by your customer, insist on 
similar treatment from him. If he refuses and shows a 
disposition to overreach you, claiming rebates on shipments 
on frivolous pretexts, or making unjust claims, close up 
your connection with him and have nothing to do with him. 
Seek another buyer. There are plenty of reputable, respon- 
sible and fair-minded men engaged in importing, and if you 
do your duty you will have no trouble in getting along with 
such. 

IN CONCLUSION. 

There is only one publication in the United States which 
is generally taken by the foreign flour buyers. This is the 
Northwestern Miller, numbering among its subscribers 
nearly all the flour men of London, Liverpool, Glasgow, 
Dundee, Leith, Dublin, Cork, Sligo, Belfast, Rotterdam, 
Antwerp, Amsterdam, Hamburg, Christiania and other cities 
importing American flour. These people pay an annual 
subscription of one pound to receive the paper, and there 
is no doubt that they read it very carefully. They are con- 

33 



stantly seeking new connections, and are looking out for op- 
portunities to enter into trade relations with American mill- 
ers. As the very first thing to be done in entering the export 
trade, it is advisable to advertise your mill and brands in 
the Northwestern Miller. This brings you directly before 
the trade as nothing else can. If you will state in your ad- 
vertisement that you desire to export you will hear from 
foreign buyers at once. Then keep on advertising — you 
may want to make other connections, and by this means 
you are kept before the trade you are seeking all the time ; 
besides this, your name and business are classed among 
those of the largest and most energetic millers of your coun- 
try, and it gives you a standing and reputation in the eyes 
of the foreign buyers which you can attain by no other 
means. In addition to this, your mill is being constantly 
advertised to the domestic trade, as well, so that, whether 
you are temporarily in or out of the export trade, an ad- 
vertisement in the Northwestern Miller is always desirable, 
and should by all means, be kept up, in both good and 
dull times, in seasons of scarcity and plenty. A reputation 
gained by judicious advertising in a legitimate journal sells 
more flour than any other possible agency. If you have 
any kind of a mill and desire, either now or at some future 
clay, to sell your product outside of your own neighborhood, 
a liberal advertisement in the Northwestern Miller is an 
absolute necessity. 

By keeping an advertisement in the Northwestern 
Miller, you are enabled to avail yourself, free of charge, of 
the services of its foreign representative, to secure informa- 
tion or assistance in placing your product abroad. The 
address of the foreign office is : Northwestern Miller, 5 
Catherine Court, Seething Lane, London, E. C. Cables 
may be addressed Milkfiori, London, and the Riverside 
code may be used. 



34 




»*v 



140 Hi"&, 
S^nUll ROLLER Mtt'L-A 




JNLW... 







DRAWBARS 



>^^ 






PROPERLY BRANDED. 



35 



Car. 



SL 



St. Paul. Minn.,iLk<Ze>..../<C'S9G. 

.....: :_;.,: :..: ...... R'y co. 

No IMx 



RMed from The St. Paul Roller Mill Co. 

The following packages of Flour to be- forwarded subject to the Rules of 
Transportation printed on their regular Shipping Bills, said Rules being 
agreed to by The St. Paul Rolleb Mill Co. 

Forward to ..dfo^....^ 

J^Ycrrri^.^trrijL^.J^, 

Qs^aaSjfiSa. 

(ULSZ> r . - . Q^U^uu &&^<^fo 

.OmSSL .— ; , 2U<^&t^r 




SACKS 



Number Weight 



Weight 



lo.a 



tea 



.&htu/mrl& Zsqoo 




ncbrs.o<rsS 



RAILWAY RECEIPT. 



36 




INVOICE. 



37 



Throagli Bill of Lading Ho./— 7 

THE LINE Tl 

(WNKK ANK uPKKATKl) BY ' 

Bo. ton * Maine > W. V Jk, 1\ Div.) ; Providence Jt Worcester ; Connecticut 1 

A Taikf OURUiiilsiu ; Home, WiLtertown & Oifiluusburir; Philadelphia & 1 

Like Shore a tli.luBan Southern; Indiana, Blooiuiugtoti & \7 

Si. Voiii* .» £»ii«a« I'-lty j ciu.-«ku. Bix-li Ulaud 4 Pacific; 

VUi.-ago. 31 Paul-, Witia- A Ou.alu. ; TVt/o 

A N 1' 




Fro:n 



SHIPPED, Ok apparent good order, b% 
condition, quantity, brand, content* and value unknown), weight subject to correction. 




tiros* Weight 



/tff/&.Merf/. 




1*?l; 



1. That tbe said Red Limb Tbamsit 
pachiwu* o(' K-^gi, or lor iusL oi Iron, ana of 1 
"uy, lloinp, or Cotton, nor for loss or damage oi i 

•n*L..it.le proparly ol :my Lmd, .,o-asioned by delays f»< 
lialcver, by fin: <r oihor Cii= unity, while I " 
jr lor Ions onLiniii^e by fire, collision, or 






jl ■ OeiTior beyond, tbe polnt-to..- 
| or pci 1.1 of lots as tboy niay btf 

3, It ia FttrtUvr Stipulated and Agreed, thai In case oi any loss, detriment, or damage 
|, beii-in receipted for daring uucb tisnaportatiou, ^boreby aay K^gcii hiuiliiy oi tespousibUily shall or n 
( b» hcij unswerabla therefor, in who^te actual custody tbe same laay be tt tba Urns of tbe happening 



And it is JPttrthtrr A.gveed f 

. . .w, Ja,,,T^^AV-. e e T^ -b» ...._. 

War.lic.nollie.i It i, ..l.o l.jrr.d. lb..t ,., ll,. ,U., u, „„..l »l II, = ,.,.,,.*, l> - ; .»ClB« J b«.iu b« prevented SrOttl .I 




t~ : : C. -<»»d <« «> further .4,/rer 

C„^: 1 1 liability of Tins Hsd Line Tiiambit 
Ac.ent or Servant? 
luaibilily ..I tUe Sleamablp ... Steam 



S5gS-3 li wapoiuilMlli, 



t Uu* contract on Hie pa 

tbo Steamship 1'iur at tbo For 
lue begins, liud not before. 






"°~*Z- 



tbo Ship -I, .ill i 




oin tbe Port 



all not be liable lor lotM ->r damans occastou* 

wheresoever occurring ; by barratry of tbe i 
a, riots, alrikus, or stoppage of labor; by explo 
auces, by collisions, stranding or other accident* ol navigation of l 

judgaiBut of tbe pilot, master, mariners, or other servants ol tlie 
e hy the owners ot lb* Ship or any ol thani, or by tbe i 



ji-onco. default, o 

i xi ass i — * - ,u -» — ■ rroa """" "' au 

2>ll JUitnfC&^Uia-Cof, Z'ifce ^e«« mgning o» beludf of tiieyaid RED L1XETRAA 
affirmed to J '. /^Wtfa JW)* "/' tMding, <M of tJ&HjLAjurul dat^bnt of which bUUjdinp**fi 
Dated **4rLfflw..MaMM{ J .-. "'« &WW6664fa..r±:.....tyV oftZ&Wf. 



FOREIGN BILL 



38 



Contract No. /// ,._ .. 
iANSIT COMPANY, 

mv: roi-i.dxviNi; uaii.uoaiwi 

livor; HoiiMtonic; Bo.tou & Albany . Portland * Ocdenabur* j 0«.l.u.t>.irc 
l*adin«; Fall Brook Coal Company i N.-w York Central a Hu.l.ou Kl.rr ; 
eat-r.. lOhloDlv.l; Wabash ! Flint * l'"" Mar«|U«lt* ; TbIaAa 
Chii-aa-o. HilwmWwASt. Paul; Chlraaje* MonU Wratrru; 

N—-. ; Tol-U... I'~n. A W «. 




Me fuUowiug property 



nnwb&red ae below {weight, measure, gauge, qual! ft. 



V& 



M'EIiC:-IA3TDI3B. 



-' (,„■ ai< , IC1 (/- thereto <is ,SJ,ip way safety get, with liberty U< cell at any usmd port of call), 
' or Lis in- their assign*, upon payment in raw* affreight due thereon, immediately on discharge of the property, a; 

■ vents, American (Jold, per 100 lbs. gross weight, and advanced ciiarge: 

/ allowance for credit or discount, one pound Steel, ay being considered e H val to four dollars and eighty cent* ($-..80) 
conditions, pit.: 



t-eika^e oi t| u'.r lor aaattnj^ decay, putj-alacuuii, rust. 

, U b.UDtf uD : ' III* t»"J-. W '/id* lOdUlhvladi . ol [— &. 

l„r tSam.p'a lu '•'• -OJio.-* or dSBCripthlll . ti.-f Imi 11-- "1 - • 

» " ?rf, 1 .^ 1 .' ' ' 11' W *LSU MUTUAIJ.* A, ; 

, '-■,t!,.-V:.ii rVtaraa, Ehn l-rtei, i'..» «■, w 



Lft! lu 



I! 



aka^e. breakage. uraR) Iiwboi damage arising from Ike uati 
ui.littJiiiUou, tiior*, lusuficlouej! or ali°eu<4 of uia.kb, bun. 
ItMta 01 .ittfo.^'D . JU30.1 by the uroluiig*itou ui the toyajie. 

liable fur Gold. Silver. Huliton, Specif, Document*, J«v 

Uln. vY-iUbe-a. or 1'l.k.ks, lu any raapei-l, or lor r.uoda u 
ie Carrier to t>e liable be/ond ?'■■■" for ]i*<l*K r . uule&o t>i 

Xplo*i\t ul J«u^c OUa % 






s^Z* V. ALSO. lb»l the »liu uja» luuiuifuct Jisc^xrge Immediately ou arrival and diachar-e continuously, tbt Colle.-ior of the I'orl belu*: beieb 

~Z^// i authorised to <raiil a ;-mr«l order (or ii-wliarf.* miniodiatety ou arrival. eud upon dUcharga lb a Roods shall ha at tbe risk ul the Cotuigoeo, an 

/{^S 'I u uot 1*Ucg t . bin) wttbin nj<i lime *3 i^ provided Ij the reguUtloud «;! tbe Fori ol lij-charge, I bey uiav be r.lorcd in Hie Carrier at tbe *xpe»r> 



cause from VJ. 'ALSO, that foil freight la payable on i 

u c. a cant lbe absorption ol Water Juries Lbe voyago. 

VII. ALSO, tbal il ud iulIo of Che rooJ'* at destination Tor freight anJ charpea, the proceeJs f^ll to COVOI naij heii;bt auj cbarKot., tbi 
t-d auJ tbe »hail be eLililleJ to recover the u;lT;:rciice fjum t&e Shipper. 

lp, or Slernm- VIII- ALSO. In tba oveot el cliltas for short delivery whou lbe Sbip reaches her Je*wtiat1oiJ, the price eball be lbe market plica at 

. when tbe of ile-ttmalioD on lbe day ol i!:» Sblp'i entry at tbe Ca-ttotu liourte, leas all charged aaved, cxcopl a lower value ol tbe articles baa boot 

!| npofl «% lib tbe Shipper aud such value noted! hereon. 

to I'ort ol '*- Al^bO, rrel^bt payable oa Weight, ts to ba paid on gro« rveight discharged or lauded Iruni Uceau Steamsl \p, tuilomi otberwlsi 

UaSO, goods destined for a t Vu tlneufal Toil, in Uie eveul oJ tba Coutlueul.it steamer beiii^ preveuted by ice froui raacHItlg 



. t.JLioa Purl be cau 



Aid, in ca.-e I'ort. tbo 3aa.it«r ro^n^ It.* liberty of e.Uiet I.indiug Cargo 

may be warehoused at tba iuUrmedl«.le fort at the ci^om and risk of Lbe owners ul tbe ((oodts. 
pirates, or 3LL r*AKCKLS lor differaai Cuasiguaas, colleclad or nitide up in single packages addraased 



-lely. 



usignea. to pay lull fraight ou f»rli 

AND FINALLY, in acc*?Uug this Bill ol Lading, tba Shipper, Owoer and Couaiguee ol tbo aooda aud the holdei ol tba Bill ul l^din K a^rea 
kjuuJ L»» -Jl ol iu* attuulaliOns. aaceptiou* and ondllkuu*. wlietber wrilleu or pnuted, aa fully as if they weie all aigned by >ach abippar 



fSIT COMPANY*, ttiul of tfus sai<l Sttumer or Steamship Company, severally and not Jointly, hath 
\ion±plUhcd § aiui given up to JJtc Carrier, the other* to *fan<l void. 



' *-;> 



Agent. 



OF LADING. 



39 



Marks and Noc. 
S~0 O— Scccsfis 

ftfc Us jic^J^ 




G~rxa ~^-cc^y~ o**- 



goo 
'a sis 

<3 = 

- ° g 
O II O 

hfl <= _ 

2-5 
S* 2 



cj t» a 



.|./I2.b£r _ 



\V 



^e^ 



YotV 



OFFICES, 4 V 



this is to ffiertifu, That out) 

firms and individuals, as separate underwriters 



J[±fu 



cT 



£* U>T_C <J /£&-<■ 



JL 



the case of loss, such loss is payable to the Orci 



This Certificate represents and takes tl. 
Policy-holder (for the purpose of collecting an 
special Policy direct to the holder of this Ccrtij 



Including risk of craft to and from the vessel, each 
lighter or craft to be considered as if separately insured ; 
also covering dock risk ct port of shipment. 



INSURANCE 



40 



ORIGINAL. 



Marine V nde 



No. 3/f<?S- 



fty 



Jo. 7 7 b?:aver street. 



*t t 



©A 



p o E?. 

O P £>■ ^ 

o - a K 

•< 2. n a 

,<" ft C/5 p- 



° *#EW YORK-, OCfo -IUs^ J 6 — 



15^ 

'.396— ...the undersigned 



; insuifid &ndcr Policy Nc {JzL~i~L 






|;,JU r» GW, anJJOLQ- IgO-T.. §«£** 

noui^dhtt^at.CArvC'L y*\s'cC shipped on hoard of the 

— : '^tty l frroniyJ'.Ja*«-£.~f°. Ap^B^P>. .^^f^.^^A 



^ 



iyUL/ 



<-/. 



<^<i 



oJ-Cryxc^i 



•° 3 oiid it is hereby understood and agreed, that in 



r of'&E'^TfAUL ROLLER [MILL CO. 



A GJ 



•ender of 7 // ;'j° Certifica te. 

\e place of the Policy, and conveys all the rights of the Original 
V toss or claims), as fully as if the property was covered by a 
Hcate, and free from any di ability for unpaid premiums. 



Jltfomey. 



3" 0- 
5f * 



^* n C 2 

V; 3 jj g 

2 w 5 «< 

fcr o 7 - P 



2. 3 



2,9-3. o. 
=. ° J? 3. 

o ^ O' 3 



SV p 

rs 3 



§ 3, q 



°-3. 



3 c 



3^ 



5 S 3 = 

lis* 

p c - -J 

a. ^ ~ 

5 p n 

I 5 I 

in o n 



CERTIFICATE. 



41 





^ £305--J1-A 




I f 






eJpl AQQ 




..-:.. ^sjTtim.SVACl 



London, En gl 



BILL OF 



42 



> 








pE off t|mm&«Btit ISA. 

2 ■■"■■-1 jS5i £ iv - >2~ r*^ -•■; £ s // 



Payable? irvZandoro. 



land 



EXCHANGE. 



4.3 




HYPOTHECATION PAPER. 



44 



APPENDIX. 




WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 



To reduce bushels of American maize to quarters (480 lbs) multiply by 7 and 
divide by GO. 

To reduce cwts of flour to barrels (196 lbs), multiply by 4 and divide by 7. 

To reduce sacks of llour (280 lbs), to barrels (196 lbs), multiply by 10 andcivideby7 

A sack of flour weighs gross 280 pounds 

A barrel of flour weighs net 196 pounds 

1 Russian pud equals 36 pound.s. 

10 Russian puds equal 1 chetwert or 360 pounds 

100 Russian chetwerts of wheat equal 72 quarters 

100 Russian chetwerts of seed equal. 83 quarters 

100 Russian chetwerts of barley equal 88 quarters 

100 Russian chetwerts of rye equal 74 quarters 

100 Russian chetwerts of oats equal 68 quarters 

100 Egyptian ordebs of wheat equal 62 1-2 quarters 

1,000 French kilogrammes equal I (long) ton 

816 Constantinople kilos equal 100 quarters 

100 Galatz kilos equal 143 quarters 

100 Ibrail kilos equal 252 quarters 

A Dutch last wheat equals 10 1-2 quarters 

A Dutch last barley equals 10 1-3 quarters 

A Dutch last oats equals 10 1-4 quarters 

A German last of wheat equals 9 1-3 quarters 

100 Malta salms of wheat equal 102 quarters 

5 Spanish fanegas of wheat equal about 1 quarter 

350 Austrian stajas of wheat equal 100 quarters 

25 Portuguese alqueire of wheat equal ' 1 1-4 quarters 

472.81 Vienna metzens equal 100 quarters 

19 Austro-Hungarian minots equal 4 quarters 

1S0 French charges equal 100 quarters 

I French hectolitre equals 2 4-5 bushels 

I Smyrna kilo equals I bushel 

1 Barcelona cr.s of wheat equals 1.925 bushels 

10 Norway maas — 1 mailer — equal 4.126 bushels 

12 German scheffeln — 1 maker — equal 145 bushels 

1 Vienna metzen equals 1 7-10 bushels 

1 Chilian fanega equals 154 1-2 pounds 

I maund Indian wheat seed equals 82 pounds 

I French quintal, 100 kilos, equals 220 1-2 pounds 

218.2 French kilogrammes equal 480 pounds 

225.45 French kilogrammes equal 496 pounds 

A quarter of California wheat weighs 500 pounds 

A quarter other American wheat weighs 4S0 pounds 

A quarter Chilian wheat weighs 4S0 pounds 

A quarter South Russian wheat weighs 492 pounds 

A quarter American maize weighs 480 pounds 

A quarter Danubian maize weighs 480 pounds 

A quarter Danubian wheat weighs 480 pounds 

A quarter Odessa maize weighs 492 pounds 

A quarter Galatz maize weighs 462 pounds 

A quarter barley weighs 400 pounds 

A quarter of oats varies from 304 to 336 pounds 

The weight of a barrel of flour is based on the old English "stone" of 14 lbs— 
fourteen stone bping taken as a barrel. 1 he sack has 20 stone; thus a 280-lb sack is 
20-14th of a barrel, or, for convenience of figuring-, we say 10-7ths. Bearing this in 
mind, it is easy to reduce sacks to barrels, or vice versa. 

46 



VALUE OF FOREIGN MONEY. 

In these tables we have taken round numbers, for convenience, 
but the values in American currency are approximate, and change 
with varying rates of exchange. 

ENGLISH. 

12 pence =i shilling. 

20 shillings =1 pound. 

(d) 1 penny =2 cents American. 

(s) 1 shilling=24 cents American. 

(£) 1 pound=$4.8o American. 

DUTCH. 

100 cents =1 guilder or florin. 
2 i-2c =1 cent American. 

1 guilder =40 cents American. 

GERMAN. 

100 pfennigs=i mark. 

I mark =24 cents American. 

SWEDISH, DANISH AND NORWEGIAN. 

100 ore =1 crown . 

I crown = 27 cents American. 

FRENCH AND BELGIAN. 

5 centimes = I sou. 

20 sous =1 franc. 

5 centimes = 1 cent American. 

1 franc =20 cents American 

RUSSIAN. 

100 kopeks=i rouble. 

1 rouble =50 cents American. 

ARGENTINE. 

100 centavos=i peso; written $1.00 ra/n. 
The peso changes in value. The Argentine paper dollar is now 
(November, 1901) worth about 42 cents American. 

BRAZILIAN. 

1,000 reis=l milreis; written 1$000. 
The value of the Brazilian milreis is about 25 cents American at 
this date (November, 1901). It fluctuates somewhat, though not so 
greatly as the Argentine paper dollar. 

CHILIAN. 

100 centavos=l peso. 
The peso is worth 32 cents American, and the fluctuations in the 
value of the peso are but slight. 

URUGUAY. 

100 centavos=l peso. 
The peso equals $1.00 American, and is maintained at par. 

47 



FLOUR PRICE EQUIVALENTS. 

The appended table shows what 280 lbs and 106 lbs of flour, at a given price in 
shillings and pence, are equal to in dollars and c^nts, with exchange at $4.80 per 
pound sterling. 



S. D. 


280 


196 


S. D. 


280 


196 


S. D. 


280 


196 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


6 


$1.44 


$1,008 


15 


$3.60 


$2.52 


24 


$5.76 


$4,032 


G 3 


1.50 


1.050 


15 3 


3.66 


2.562 


24 3 


5.82 


4.074 


6 6 


1.56 


1.092 


15 6 


3.72 


2,604 


24 6 


5.88 


4.116 


6 9 


1.62 


1.134 


15 9 


3.78 


2.646 


24 9 


5.94 


4.158 


7 


1.68 


1.176 


16 


3.84 


2.688 


25 


6.00 


4.20 


7 3 


1.74 


1.218 


16 3 


3.90 


2.73 


25 3 


6.06 


4.242 


7 G 


1.80 


1.260 


16 6 


3.96 


2.772 


25 6 


6.12 


4.284 


7 9 


1.8G 


1.302 


16 9 


4.02 


2.814 


25 9 


6.18 


4.326 


8 


1.92 


1.344 


17 


4.08 


2.856 


26 


6.24 


4.368 


8 3 


1.98 


1.386 


17 3 


4.14 


2.898 


26 3 


6.30 


4.41 


8 6 


2.04 


1.428 


17 6 


4.20 


2.94 


26 6 


6.36 


4.452 


8 9 


2.10 


1.470 


17 9 


4.26 


2.982 


26 9 


6.42 


4.494 


9 


2.16 


1.512 


18 


4.32 


3.024 


27 


6.48 


4.536 


9 3 


2.22 


1.554 


18 3 


4.38 


3.066 


27 3 


6.54 


4.578 


9 G 


2.28 


1.596 


18 6 


4.44 


3.108 


27 6 


6.60 


4.62 


9 9 


2.34 


1.638 


18 9 


4.50 


3.15 


27 9 


6.66 


4.662 


10 


2.40 


1.68 


19 


4.56 


3.192 


28 


6.72 


4.704 


10 3 


2.46 


1.722 


19 3 


4.62 


3.234 


28 3 


6.78 


4.746 


10 6 


2.52 


1.764 


19 6 


4.68 


3.276 


28 6 


6.84 


4.788 


10 9 


2.58 


1.806 


19 9 


4.74 


3.318 


28 9 


G.90 


4.83 


11 


2.64 


1.848 


20 


4.80 


3.36 


29 


6.96 


4.872 


11 3 


2.70 


1.89 


20 3 


4.86 


3.402 


29 3 


7.02 


4.914 


11 6 


2.76 


1.932 


20 6 


4.92 


3.444 


29 6 


7.08 


4.956 


11 9 


2.82 


1.974 


20 9 


4.98 


3.486 


29 9 


7.14 


4.998 


12 


2.88 


2.016 


21 


5.04 


3.528 


30 


7.20 


5.040 


12 3 


2.94 


2.058 


21 3 


5.10 


3.57 


30 3 


7.26 


5.082 


12 6 


3.00 


2.10 


21 6 


5.16 


3.612 


30 6 


7.32 


5.124 


12 9 


3.06 


2.142 


21 9 


5.22 


3.654 


30 9 


7.38 


5.166 


13 


3.12 


2.184 


22 


5.28 


3.696 


31 


7.44 


5.208 


13 3 


3.18 


2.226 


22 3 


5.34 


3.738 


31 3 


7.50 


5.250 


13 6 


3.24 


2.268 


22 6 


5.40 


3.78 


31 6 


7.56 


5.292 


13 9 


3.30 


2.31 


22 9 


5.46 


3.822 


31 9 


7.G2 


5.334 


14 


3.36 


2.352 


23 


5.52 


3.864 


32 


7.G8 


5.376 


14 3 


3.42 


2.394 


23 3 


5.58 


3.906 


32 3 


7.74 


5.418 


14 6 


3.48 


2.436 


23 6 


5.64 


3.948 


32 6 


7.80 


5.46 


n 9 


3.54 


2.478 


23 9 


5.70 


3.99 


32 9 


7.86 


5.502 



48 



FREIGHT RATE TABLE. 

(Compiled by Benjamin Stockman, Flour, Minneapolis, Minn.) 

This table is designed to show what the freight would 
be in English money, upon any quantity of flour at a given 
freight rate. In the first column of figures is the rate of 
freight, in cents or fractions thereof, those up to 100 being 
in hundredths. The freight rate (first column of table) 
begins with 1-100 of a cent and ends with 50 cents. The 
sacks are of 280 lbs; where the order is in 140-lb sacks, 
divide the freight, as given, by two. 

In use, the table is handled thus: Suppose the freight 
rate be 5-100 of a cent. Finding this in the first column, 
the eye is carried across the table, where, under 100 sacks, 
it is shown that the freight on that amount of flour would 
be 7d; that on 200 sacks it would be Is 2d; on 300 sacks, 
Is 9d; on 400 sacks, 2s 4d ; and on 500 sacks, 2s lid. 
The process would be the same with any other rate. To 
ascertain the freight on 50 sacks, or other part of 100 sacks, 
divide the freight on 100 sacks by such quantity of flour. 
The following is an example : 



Invoice of 300 sacks flour at 24s c. i. f., less freight at 

27.56c per 100 lbs: 

£ s d 

300 sacks at 24s 360 

Freight at 27.56c per 100 lbs 48 4 7 

311 15 5 
The freight is arrived at as follows : 

£ s d 

300 sacks at 56-100c _ 19 7 

300 sacks at 27c 47 5 



48 4 7 



These figures have been carefully proven, and can be 
depended upon as being absolutely accurate. 



49 



FREIGHT RATE TABLE. 





100 sacks. 


200 sacks. 


300 sacks. 


400 sacks. 


500 sacks. 




(280 lbs) 


(280 lbs) 


(280 lbs) 


(280 lbs) 


(280 lbs) 


£ 


s. 


d. 


£ 


s. 


d. 


£ 


s. 


d. 


£ 


s. 


d. 


£ 


s. 


d. 


TuT 


1.4 


2.8 






4.2 






5.6 






~T 


.02 






2.8 






5.6 






8.4 






11.2 




1 


2 


.03 






4.2 






8.4 




1 


0.6 




1 


4.8 




1 


9 


.01 






5.6 






11.2 




1 


4.8 




1 


10.4 




2 


4 


.05 






7.0 




1 


2.0 




1 


9.0 




2 


4.0 




2 


11 


.06 






8.4 




1 


4.8 




2 


1.2 




2 


9.6 




3 


6 


.07 






9 8 




1 


7.6 




2 


5.4 




3 


3.2 




4 


1 


.08 






11.2 




1 


10.4 




2 


9.6 




3 


8.8 




4 


8 


.09 






6 




2 


1.2 




3 


1.8 




4 


2.4 




5 


3 


.10 






2.0 




2 


4.0 




3 


6.0 




4 


8.0 




5 


10 


.11 






3.4 




2 


6.8 




3 


10.2 




5 


1.6 




6 


5 


.12 






4.8 




2 


9.6 




4 


2.4 




5 


7.2 




7 





.13 






6.2 




3 


0.4 




4 


6.6 




6 


0.8 




7 


7 


.14 






7.6 




3 


3.2 




4 


10.8 




6 


6.4 




8 


2 


.15 






9.0 




3 


6.0 




5 


3.0 




7 


0.0 




8 


9 


.16 






10.4 




3 


8.8 




5 


7.2 




7 


5.6 




9 


4 


.17 






11.8 




3 


11.6 




5 


11.4 




7 


11.2 




9 


11 


.18 




2 


1.2 




4 


2.4 




6 


3.6 




8 


4.8 




10 


6 


.19 




2 


2.6 




4 


5.2 




6 


7.8 




8 


10.4 




11 


1 


.20 




2 


4.0 




4 


8.0 




7 


0.0 




9 


4.0 




11 


8 


.21 




2 


5.4 




4 


10.8 




7 


4.2 




9 


9.6 




12 


3 


.22 




2 


6.8 




5 


1.6 




7 


4.8 




10 


3.2 




12 


10 


.23 




2 


8.2 




5 


4.4 




8 


0.6 




10 


8.8 




13 


5 


.24 




2 


9.6 




5 


7.2 




8 


4.8 




11 


2.4 




14 





.25 




2 


11.0 




5 


10.0 




8 


9.0 




11 


8.0 




14 


7 


.26 




3 


0.4 




6 


0.8 




9 


1.2 




12 


1.6 




15 


2 


.27 




3 


1.8 




6 


3.6 




9 


5.4 




12 


7.2 




15 


6 


.28 




3 


3.2 




6 


6.4 




9 


9.6 




13 


0.8 




16 


4 


.29 




3 


4.6 




6 


9.2 




10 


1.8 




13 


6.4 




16 


11 


.30 




3 


6.0 




7 


0.0 




10 


6.0 




14 


0.0 




17 


6 


.31 




3 


7.4 




7 


2.8 




10 


10.2 




14 


5.0 




18 


1 


.32 




3 


8.8 




7 


5.6 




11 


2.4 




14 


11.2 




18 


8 


.33 




3 


10.2 




7 


8.4 




11 


6.6 




15 


4.8 




19 


3 


.34 




3 


11.6 




7 


11.2 




11 


10.8 




15 


10.4 




19 


10 


.35 




4 


1.0 




8 


2.0 




12 


3.0 




16 


4.0 







5 


.36 




4 


2.4 




8 


4.8 




12 


7.2 




16 


9.6 




1 





.37 




4 


3.8 




8 


7.6 




12 


11.4 




17 


3.2 




1 


7 


.38 




4 


5.2 




8 


10.4 




13 


3.6 




17 


8.8 




2 


2 


.39 




4 


6.6 




9 


1.2 




13 


7.8 




18 


2.4 




2 


9 


.40 




4 


8 




9 


4.0 




14 


0.0 




18 


8.0 




3 


4 


.41 




4 


9.4 




9 


6.8 




14 


4.2 




19 


1.6 




3 


11 


.42 




4 


10.8 




9 


9.6 




14 


8.4 




19 


7.2 




4 


6 


.43 




5 


0.2 




10 


0.4 




15 


0.6 







0.8 




5 


1 


.44 




5 


1.6 




10 


3.2 




15 


4.8 







6.4 




5 


8 


.45 




5 


3.0 




10- 


6.0 




15 


9.0 




1 


0.0 




6 


3 


.46 




5 


4.4 




10 


8:8 




16 


1.2 




1 


5.6 




6 


10 


.47 




5 


5.8 




10 


11.6 




16 


5.4 




1 


11.2 




7 


5 


.48 




5 


7.2 




11 


2.4 




16 


9.6 




2 


4.8 




8 





.49 




5 


8.6 




11 


5.2 




17 


1.8 




2 


10.4 




8 


7 


.50 




5 


10.0 




11 


8.0 




17 


6.0 




3 


4.0 




9 


2 



50 



FREIGHT RATE TABLE. 





100 sacks. 


200 sacks. 


300 sacks. 


400 sacks. 


500 sacks. 


1 


(280 lbs) 


(280 lbs) 


(280 lbs) 


(280 lbs) 


(280 lbs) 


£ 


s. 
~5~ 


d. 


£ 


s. 


d. 


£ 


s. 


d. 


£ 


s. 


d. 


£ 


s. 


d. 


T5T 


11.4 




U 


10.8 




17" 


10.2 




~3~ 


9.6 




9 


~9~ 


.52 




6 


0.8 




12 


1.6 




18 


2.4 




4 


3.2 




10 


4 


.53 




6 


2.2 




12 


4.4 




18 


6.6 




4 


8.8 




10 


11 


.54 




6 


3.6 




12 


7.2 




18 


10.8 




5 


2.4 




11 


6 


.55 




6 


5.0 




12 


10.0 




19 


3.0 




5 


8.0 




12 


1 


.56 




6 


6.4 




13 


0.8 




19 


7.2 




6 


1.6 




12 


8 


.57 




6 


7.8 




13 


3.6 




19 


11.4 




6 


7.2 




13 


3 


.58 




6 


9.2 




13 


6.4 







3.6 




7 


0.8 




13 


10 


.59 




6 


10.6 




13 


9.2 







7.8 




7 


6.4 




14 


5 


.60 




7 


0.0 




14 


0.0 




1 


0.0 




8 


0.0 




15 





.61 




7 


1.4 




14 


2.8 




1 


4.2 




8 


5.6 




15 


7 


.62 




7 


2.8 




14 


5.6 




1 


84 




8 


11.2 




16 


2 


.63 




7 


4.2 




14 


8.4 




2 


0.6 




9 


4.8 




16 


9 


.64 




7 


5.6 




14 


11.2 




2 


4.8 




9 


10.4 




17 


4 


.65 




7 


7.0 




15 


2.0 




2 


9.0 




10 


4.0 




17 


11 


.66 




7 


8.4 




15 


4.8 




3 


1.2 




10 


9.6 




18 


6 


.67 




7 


9.8 




15 


7.6 




3 


5.4 




11 


3.2 




19 


1 


.fi8 




7 


11.2 




15 


10.4 




3 


9.6 




11 


8.8 




19 


8 


.69 




8 


0.6 




16 


1.2 




4 


1.8 




12 


2.4 


2 





3 


.70 




8 


2.0 




16 


4.C 




. 4 


6.0 




12 


8.0 


2 





10 


.71 




8 


3.4 




16 


6.8 




4 


10.2 




13 


1.6 


2 


1 


5 


.72 




8 


4.8 




16 


9.6 




5 


2.4 




13 


7.2 


2 


2 





.73 




8 


62 




17 


0.4 




5 


6.6 




14 


0.8 


3 


2 


7 


.74 




8 


7.6 




17 


3.2 




5 


10.8 




14 


6.4 


2 


3 


2 


.75 




8 


9.0 




17 


6.0 




6 


3.0 




15 


0.0 


2 


3 


9 


.76 




8 


10.4 




17 


8.8 




6 


7.2 




15 


5.6 


2 


4 


4 


.77 




8 


11.8 




17 


11.6 




6 


11.4 




15 


11.2 


2 


4 


11 


.78 




9 


1.2 




18 


2.4 




7 


3.6 




16 


4 8 


2 


5 


6 


.79 




9 


2.6 




18 


5.2 




7 


7.8 




16 


10.4 


2 


6 


1 


.80 




9 


4.0 




18 


8.0 




8 


0.0 




17 


4 


2 


6 


8 


.81 




9 


5.4 




18 


10.8 




8 


4.2 




17 


9.6 


2 


7 


3 


.82 




9 


6.8 




19 


1.6 




8 


84 




18 


3.2 


2 


7 


10 


.83 




9 


8.2 




19 


4.4 




9 


0.6 




18 


8.8 


2 


8 


5 


.84 




9 


9.6 




19 


7.2 




9 


4.8 




19 


2.4 


2 


9 





.85 




9 


11.0 




19 


10.0 




9 


9.0 




19 


8.0 


2 


9 


7 


.86 




10 


0.4 







0.8 




10 


1.2 


2 





1.6 


2 


10 


2 


.87 




10 


1.8 







3.6 




10 


5.4 


2 





7.2 


2 


10 


9 


.88 




10 


3.2 







6.4 




10 


9.6 


2 


1 


0.8 


2 


11 


4 


.89 




10 


4.6 







9.2 




11 


1.8 


2 


1 


6.4 


2 


11 


11 


.90 




10 


6.0 






0.0 




11 


60 


2 


2 


0.0 


2 


12 


6 


.91 




10 


7.4 






2.8 




11 


10.2 


2 


2 


5.6 


2 


13 


1 


.92 




10 


8.8 






5.6 




12 


2.4 


2 


2 


112 


2 


13 


8 


.93 




10 


10.2 






8.4 




12 


66 


2 


3 


4.8 


2 


14 


3 


.94 




10 


11.6 






11.2 




12 


10.8 


2 


3 


10.4 


2 


14 


10 


.95 




11 


1.0 




2 


2.0 




13 


3.0 


2 


4 


4.0 


2 


15 


5 


.96 




11 


2.4 




2 


4.8 




13 


7.2 


2 


4 


9.6 


2 


16 





.97 




11 


3.8 




2 


7.6 




13 


11.4 


2 


5 


3.2 


2 


16 


7 


.98 




11 


5.2 




2 


10.4 




14 


3.6 


2 


5 


8.8 


2 


17 


2 


.99 




11 


6.6 




3 


1.2 




14 


7.8 


2 


6 


2.4 


2 


17 


9 


.100 


















|| 













51 



FREIGHT RATE TABLE. 





100 sacks. 


200 sacks. 


300 sacks. 


400 sacks. 


500 sacks. 


4= 


(280 lbs) 


(2S0 lbs) 


(280 lbs) 


(280 lbs) 


(280 lbs) 


A 


















































£ 


s. 


d. 


£ 


s. 


a. 


£ 


s. 


d. 


£ 


s. 


d. 


£ 


s. 


d" 


.01 




11 


8 


1 


3 


4 


1 


15 





2 


6 


8 


2 


18 


~T 


.02 


1 


3 


4 


2 


6 


8 


3 


10 





4 


13 


4 


5 


16 


8 


.03 


1 


15 





3 


10 





5 


5 





7 








8 


15 





.04 


2 


6 


8 


4 


13 


4 


7 








9 


6 


8 


11 


13 


4 


.05 


2 


18 


4 


5 


16 


8 


8 


15 





11 


13 


4 


14 


11 


8 


.06 


3 


10 





7 








10 


10 





14 








17 


10 





.07 


4 


1 


8 


8 


3 


4 


12 


5 





16 


6 


8 


20 


8 


4 


.08 


4 


13 


4 


9 


6 


8 


14 








18 


13 


4 


23 


6 


8 


.09 


5 


5 





10 


10 





15 


15 





21 








26 


5 





.10 


5 


16 


8 


11 


13 


4 


17 


10 





23 


6 


8 


29 


3 


4 


.11 


6 


8 


4 


12 


16 


8 


19 


5 





25 


13 


4 


32 


1 


8 


.12 


7 








14 








21 








28 








35 








.13 


7 


11 


8 


15 


3 


4 


22 


15 





30 


6 


8 


37 


18 


4 


.14 


8 


3 


4 


16 


6 


8 


24 


10 





32 


13 


4 


40 


16 


8 


.15 


8 


15 





17 


10 





26 


5 





35 








43 


15 





.16 


9 


6 


8 


18 


13 


4 


28 








37 


6 


8 


46 


13 


4 


.17 


9 


18 


4 


19 


16 


8 


29 


15 





39 


13 


4 


49 


11 


8 


.18 


10 


10 





21 








31 


10 





42 








52 


10 





.19 


11 


1 


8 


22 


3 


4 


33 


5 





44 


6 


8 


55 


8 


4 


.20 


11 


13 


4 


23 


6 


8 


35 








46 


13 


4 


58 


6 


8 


.21 


12 


5 





24 


10 





36 


15 





49 








61 


5 





.22 


12 


16 


8 


25 


13 


4 


38 


10 





51 


6 


8 


64 


3 


4 


.23 


13 


8 


4 


26 


16 


8 


40 


5 





53 


13 


4 


67 


1 


8 


.24 


14 








28 








42 








56 








70 








.25 


14 


11 


8 


29 


3 


4 


43 


15 





58 


6 


8 


73 


18 


4 


.26 


15 


3 


4 


30 


6 


8 


45 


10 





60 


13 


4 


75 


16 


8 


.27 


15 


15 





31 


10 





47 


5 





63 








78 


15 





.28 


16 


6 


8 


32 


13 


4 


49 








65 


6 


8 


81 


13 


4 


.29 


16 


18 


4 


33 


16 


8 


50 


15 





67 


13 


4 


81 


11 


8 


.30 


17 


10 





35 








52 


10 





70 








87 


10 





.31 


18 


1 


8 


36 


3 


4 


54 


5 





72 


6 


8 


90 


8 


4 


.32 


18 


13 


4 


37 


6 


8 


56 








74 


13 


4 


93 


6 


8 


.33 


19 


5 





38 


10 





57 


15 





77 








96 


5 





.31 


19 


16 


8 


39 


13 


4 


59 


10 





79 


6 


8 


99 


3 


4 


.35 


20 


8 


4 


40 


16 


8 


61 


5 





81 


13 


4 


102 


1 


8 


.36 


21 








42 








63 








84 








105 








.37 


21 


11 


8 


43 


3 


4 


64 


15 





86 


6 


8 


1107 


18 


4 


.38 


22 


3 


4 


44 


6 


8 


66 


10 





88 


13 


4 


110 


16 


8 


.39 


22 


15 





45 


10 





68 


5 





91 








113 


15 





.40 


23 


6 


8 


46 


13 


4 


70 








93 


6 


8 


1116 


13 


4 


.41 


23 


18 


4 


47 


16 


8 


71 


15 





95 


13 


4 


119 


11 


8 


.42 


24 


10 





49 








73 


10 





98 








122 


10 





.43 


25 


1 


8 


50 


3 


4 


75 


5 





100 


6 


8 


125 


8 


4 


.44 


25 


13 


4 


51 


6 


8 


77 








102 


13 


4 


128 


6 


8 


.45 


26 


5 





52 


10 





78 


15 





105 








131 


5 





.46 


26 


16 


8 


53 


13 


4 


80 


10 





107 


6 


8 


134 


3 


4 


.47 


27 


8 


4 


54 


16 


8 


82 


5 





109 


13 


4 ' 


137 


1 


8 


.48 


28 








56 








84 








112 








140 








.49 


28 


11 


8 


57 


3 


4 


85 


15 





114 


6 


8 


142 


18 


4 


.50 


29 


3 


4 


58 


6 


8 


87 


10 





116 


13 


4 


145 


16 


8 



52 



KATES OF FREIGHT PEK BUSHEL. 



Rate per 


Wheat, 


Corn, 


Oats, 


Barley, 


ioo lbs. 


6o It>s. 


56 tl)s. 


32 tt>s. 


48 lbs. 


cts. 


cts. 


cts. 


cts. 


cts. 


6 


36 


34 


1 9 


29 


7 


4 2 


39 


2 2 


34 


8 


48 


45 


2 6 


38 


9 


54 


50 


29 


43 


10 


6 


5 6 


3 2 


48 


11 


60 


6 2 


35 


53 


12 


7 2 


67 


3 8 


58 


13 


78 


73 


4 2 


6 2 


14 


84 


78 


4 5 


67 


15 


9 


S4 


48 


72 


10 


!>6 


9 


51 


7 7 


17 


10 2 


9 5 


54 


82 


18 


10 8 


10 1 


58 


86 


19 


11 4 


106 


61 


91 


20 


12 


112 


6 4 


96 


21 


1 2 


11 8 


67 


10 1 


22 


1 3 2 


12 3 


70 


10 6 


23 


13 8 


12 9, 


74 


110 


24 


14 4 


13 4 


77 


11 5 


25 


15 


14 


80 


12 


26 


15 6 


14 6 


83 


12 5 


27 


1 G 2 


151 


86 


13 


28 


16 S 


157 


9 


13 4 


29 


174 


16 2 


9 3 


13 9 


30 


180 


16 8 


9 6 


14 4 


31 


186 


17 4 


100 


14 9 


32 


19 2 


179 


10 2 


15 4 


33 


198 


185 


10 6 


15 8 


34 


20 4 


19 


10 9 


16 3 


35 


210 


196 


112 


16 8 


36 


21 6 


20 2 


115 


17 3 


37 


22 2 


20 7 


11 8 


178 


38 


22 8 


21 3 


12 2 


18 2 


39 


23 4 


21 8 


125 


18 7 


40 


24 


22 4 


12 8 


19 2 


41 


24 6 


23 


13 1 


19 7 


42 


25 2 


23 5 


13 4 


20 2 


43 


25 8 


24 1 


13 8 


20 6 


44 


26 4 


24 6 


141 


21 1 


45 


270 


25 2 


14 4 


21 6 


46 


27 6 


25 8 


14 7 


22 1 


47 


28 


26 3 


15 


2 2 (5 


48 


28 8 


26 9 


15 4 


23 


49 


29 4 


27 4 


15 7 


23 5 


50 


30 


28 


160 


24 


51 


30 6 


28 6 


16 3 


24 5 



53 



Rates of Freight per Bushel-Continued. 



Rate per 


Wheat, 


Corn, 


Oats, 


Barley, 


100 lbs. 


60 lbs. 


56 lbs. 


32 lbs. 


48 lbs. 


Cents. 


Cents. 


Cents. 


Cents. 


Cents. 


53 


31 3 


29 1 


16 6 


25 


53 


31 8 


29 7 


17 


25 4 


51 


32 4 


30 2 


17 3 


25 9 


55 


33 


30 8 


17 6 


26 4 


56 


33 6 


31 4 


17 9 


26 9 


57 


34 2 


31 9 


18 2 


27 4 


58 


34 8 


32 5 


18 6 


27 8 


59 


35 4 


33 


18 9 


28 3 


60 


36 


33 6 


19 2 


28 8 



Gold Equivalent of Sterling Freight Rates Per 
Ton of 2,240 Pounds 



FLOUR— Including Primage. 



Per ton. 


Per 100 lbs. 


Per bbl. 


Per bbl. 


s d 




s d 




1 


$.00 09 


IH 


$.03 15 


2 


.00 18 


2 


.04 20 


3 


.00 28 


3 


.06 30 


6 


.00 56 


4^ 


.09 45 


9 


.00 84 


5 


.10 50 


10 


.01 12 


6 


.12 60 


2 6 


.02 81 


7 


.14 70 


3 


.03 37 


8 


.16 80 


3 9 


.04 21 


9 


.18 90 


40 


.04 50 


ioy 2 


.22 05 


46 


.05 06 


10 


.25 20 


5 


.05 62 


1 3 


.31 50 


5 3 


.05 90 


1 6 


.37 80 


5 6 


.06 18 


1 9 


.44 10 


70 


.07 87 


20 


.50 40 


76 


.08 43 


2 3 


.56 70 


79 


.08 71 


2 6 


.63 00 


86 


.09 56 


2 9 


.69 30 


9 6 


.10 68 


3 


.75 60 


10 


.11 25 


3 3 


.81 90 


12 6 


.14 06 


3 6 


.88 20 


15 


.16 88 


39 


.94 50 


17 6 


.19 69 


40 


1.00 80 


18 


.20 25 


4 3 


1.07 10 


18 6 


.20 81 


46 


1.13 40 


20 


.22 50 


49 


1.19 70 


21 2 


.23 90 


5 


1.26 00 


22 6 


.25 31 


5 3 


1.32 30 


23 9 


.26 71 


5 6 


1.38 60 


25 


.28 12 


5 9 


1.44 90 



54 



OCEAN RATE. (WITH PRinAGE.) 

Per Ton of 2240 lbs, Including 5 per cent Primage and 
Equivalent Rate per 100 lbs. 





p8 • 




PS 




p8 






S. D. 


£3 

CO 1— 

• cr 
m 


S. D. 


GO i_i 

* c 

to 


S. D. 


gl 

co _ 
" cr 

00 


S. D. 


Mo 

£^ 

GO _ 

" cr 


¥2 


.05 


2 6 


2.81 


9 9 


10.97 


17 


19.13 


1 


.09 


2 9 


3.09 


10 


11.25 


17 3 


19.41 


IK 


.14 


3 


3.38 


10 3 


11.53 


17 6 


19.69 


2 


.19 


3 3 


3.66 


10 6 


11.81 


17 9 


19.97 


2K 


.24 


3 6 


3.94 


10 9 


12.09 


18 


20.25 


3 


.28 


3 9 


4.22 


11 


12.38 


19 


21.38 


3M 


.33 


4 


4.50 


11 3 


12.66 


20 


22.50 


4 


.38 


4 3 


4.78 


11 6 


12.94 


21 3 


23.91 


VA 


.42 


4 6 


5.06 


11 9 


13.22 


22 6 


25.31 


5 


.47 


4 9 


5.34 


12 


13.50 


23 9 


26.72 


5^ 


.52 


5 


5.63 


12 3 


13.78 


25 


28.13 


6 


.56 


5 3 


5.91 


12 6 


14.06 


26 3 


29.53 


6K 


.61 


5 6 


6.19 


12 9 


14.34 


27 6 


30.94 


7 


.66 


5 9 


6.47 


•3 


14.63 


28 9 


32.34 


7K 


.70 


6 


6.75 


13 3 


14.91 


30 


33.75 


8 


.75 


6 3 


7.03 


13 6 


15.19 


35 


39.38 


8K 


.80 


6 6 


7.31 


13 9 


15.47 


40 


45.00 


9 


.84 


6 9 


7.59 


•4 


15.75 


45 


50.63 


9K 


.89 


7 


7.88 


14 3 


16.03 


50 


56.25 


10 


.94 


7 3 


8.16 


14 6 


16.31 


55 


61.88 


10M 


.99 


7 6 


8.44 


14 9 


16.59 


60 


67.50 


11 


1.03 


7 9 


8.72 


>5 


16.88 


65 


73.13 


UK 


1.08 


8 


9.00 


15 3 


17.16 


70 


78.75 


1 


1.13 


8 3 


9.28 


15 6 


17.44 


75 


84.38 


1 3 


1.41 


8 6 


9.56 


15 9 


17.72 


80 


90. 


1 6 


1.69 


8 9 


9.84 


16 


18.00 


90 


101.25 


1 9 


1.97 


9 


10.13 


16 3 


18.28 


100 


112.50 


2 


2.25 


9 3 


10.41 


16 6 


18.51 


120 


135.00 


2 3 


2.53 


9 6 


10.69 


16 9 


18.84 







55 



L.ofC 



EQUIVALENT OF SACKS IN BARREL QUANTITIES. 



100-lb 

sacks. 


112-lb 

sacks. 


140-lb 

sacks. 


100-kilo 

sacks. 

(220y 2 lbs.) 


280-lb 
sacks. 


No. bbls. 


ICO 










51 1-49 


150 










76 26-49 


200 










102 2-49 


300 










153 3-49 


400 










204 4-49 


500 










255 5-49 




100 
150 
200 
300 
400 
500 








57 1-7 










85 5-7 










114 2-7 










171 3-7 










228 4-7 










285 5-7 




100 
150 
200 
300 
400 
500 






71 3-7 








107 1-7 








143 6-7 








214 2-7 








285 5-7 








357 1-7 




100 
150 
£00 
300 
400 
500 




112 32-47 






169 13-98 






225 25-49 






338 13-49 






451 1-49 






563 38-49 




100 
150 
200 
300 
400 
500 


142 6-7 
214 2-7 
285 5-7 
428 4-7 
571 3-7 
714 2-7 



56 



CONTINENTAL WHEAT QUOTATIONS. 

Th » following: table exhibits the equivalent of French and German quotations 
in American money. 





BERLIN. 




ANTWERP. 


PARIS. 




Quotes vnlups per 1,000 
kilos, equal to 36.75 bus. 


Quotes values per 100 
kilos, equal to 3.(57 bus. 


Quotes values per 1 hec- 
toliter, equal to 2.83 bus. 




1 


Cents 
jer bu. 




Cents 
per bu. 




Cents 
per bu. 


12% pfennigs. . . 


. 0.08 


5 centimes. . 


. 0.20 


5 centimes. . 


0.34 


25 


pfennigs. . . 


. 0.1G 


10 centimes. 


. 0.52 


10 centimes. . 


0.68 


37% pfennigs. . . 


. 0.24 


20 centimes. . 


. 1.05 


20 centimes. . 


1.36 


53 


pfennigs. . . 


. 0.32 


25 centimes. 


. 1.31 


25 centimes. . 


1.70 


75 


pfennigs. . . 


. 0.48 


37% centimes . 


. 1.97 


37% centimes. . 


2.55 


1 


mark (.23. 8) 


0.G4 


53 centimes. . 


. 2.63 


50 centimes. . 


3.40 


IH 


marks 


0.96 


75 centimes. 


. 3.94 


75 centimes . 


5.10 


2 


marks 


1.28 


1 franc(19.3j 


) 5.25 


1 franc(19.3c; 


6.80 


2% 


marks 


. 1.60 


1% franc 


. 7.88 


1% francs 


10.20 


3 


marks 


. 1.92 


2 francs 


. 10.50 


2 francs 


13.00 


3% 


marks 


. 2.24 


2% francs 


. 13.50 


2% francs 


17.00 


4 


marks 


. 2.56 


3 francs 


. 15.75 


3 francs 


20.40 


4% 


marks 


. 2.88 


3% francs 


. 18.37 


3% francs 


23.80 


5 


marks 


. 3.10 


4 francs 


. 21.00 


4 francs 


27.20 


5% 


marks 


. 8.52 


4% francs 


. 23.63 


4% francs 


30.60 


6 


marks 


. 3.84 


5 francs 


. 26.25 


5 francs 


31.00 


6% 


marks 


. 4.16 


5% francs 


. 28.83 


5% francs 


37.40 


7 


marks 


. 4.43 


6 francs 


. 31.50 


francs 


40.80 


7% 


marks 


. 4.80 


6% francs .... 


. 31.13 


6% francs 


44.20 


8 


marks 


. 5.12 


7 francs 


. 36.75 


7 francs 


-17.60 



57 



In these tables, one pound sterling is figured 
at $4.80, and the French franc at 5X to the 
dollar, though in the table on page 47, we have 
taken round numbers and have figured the franc 
at 20c. 



FLOUR TABLES 



Per 196 Ifcs. 


Stg. 196 lbs. 


Stg. 280 Its. 


Francs 220 lt>s. 




s. d. 


s. d. 




$3 05 


12 8% 


18 2 


17 91 


10 


12 11 


18 6 


18 30 


15 


12 1% 


18 10 


18 70 


20 


13 4 


19 1 


19 00 


25 


13 6% 


19 5 


19 40 


30 


13 9 


19 8 


19 70 


35 


13 11K 


20 


19 94 


40 


14 2 


20 2 


20 25 


45 


14 4K 


20 7 


20 65 


50 


14 7 


20 10 


20 90 


55 


14 9K 


21 2 


2105 


60 


15 


21 5 


21 30 


65 


15 2% 


21 9 


2150 


70 


15 5 


22 


2178 


75 


15 7K 


22 4 


22 20 


80 


15 10 


22 8 


22 38 


85 


16 y 2 


23 • 


22 70 


90 


16 3 


23 3 


23 00 


95 


16 5% 


23 7 


23 40 


4 00 


36 8 


23 10 


23 75 


05 


16 10K 


24 2 


24 00 


10 


17 1 


24 5 


24 25 


15 


17 2K 


24 9 


24 50 


20 


17 6 


25 


24 75 


25 


17 sy 2 


25 4 


25 00 


30 


17 11 


25 7 


25 25 


35 


18 IK 


25 10 


25 50 


40 


18 4 


26 2 


25 85 


45 


18 6% 


26 6 


26 25 


50 


18 9 


26 10 


26 65 


55 


18 UK 


27 2 


27 10 


60 


19 2 


27 5 


27 30 


65 


19 4K 


27 9 


27 55 


70 


19 7 


28 


27 75 


75 


19 9K 


28 4 


28 00 


80 


20 


28 7 


28 45 


85 


20 2K 


28 11 


28 85 


90 


20 5 


29 2 


29 05 


95 


20 7K 


29 6 


29 25 


5 00 


20 10 


29 9 


29 45 



58 



FLOUR TABLES. 



Per 196 lbs. 


Stg. 196 lbs. 


Stg. 280 It»s. 


Francs 220 lbs. 




s. d. 


s. d. 




$5 05 


21 % 


30 1 


20 67 


5 10 


21 2 


30 4 


29 98 


15 


21 5% 


30 8 


30 30 


20 


21 8 


31 


30 75 


25 


21 10 l A 


31 4 


31 17 


30 


22 1 


31 7 


3148 


35 


22 2% 


31 11 


31 65 


40 


22 6 


32 2 


31 96 


45 


22 8K 


32 6 


32 38 


50 


22 11 


32 9 


32 70 


55 


23 IK 


33 1 


32 21 


60 


23 4 


33 4 


32 56 


65 


23 6 l / 2 


33 8 


32 98 


70 


23 9 


33 11 


33 26 


75 


23 UK 


34- 3 


33 68 


80 


24 2 


34 6 


34 00 


85 


24 4K 


34 10 


34 62 


90 


24 7 


35 2 


35 04 


95 


24 9K 


35 6 


35 45 


6 00 


25 


35 9 


35 75 


05 


25 2% 


36 1 


35 80 


10 


25 5 


36 4 


36 10 


15 


25 l l A 


36 8 


36 42 


20 


25 10 


36 11 


3U 65 


25 


26 A. 


37 3 


37 07 


30 


26 2 


37 6 


37 38 


35 


26 5K 


37 10 


37 80 


40 


26 8 


38 1 


38 10 


45 


26 10% 


38 5 


38 50 


50 


27 1 


38 8 


38 80 


55 


27 •6 1 A 


39 


39 26 


00 


27 6 


39 4 


39 68 


65 


27 8% 


39 8 


40 10 


70 


2711 


31)11 


40 40 


75 


28 1% 


40 3 


40 80 


80 


28 4 


40 6 


41 10 


85 


28 G l A 


40 10 


41 50 


90 


28 9 


41 1 


40 75 


95 


28 11K 


41 5 


41 15 


7 00 


29 2 


41 8 


4145 



59 



FLODK TABLES. 



Per 196 lbs. 


Stg. 196 lt)s. 


Stg. 280 lt>s. 


Francs 220 R)s. 




s. d. 


s. d. 




$7 05 


29 4^ 


42 1 


41 60 


10 


29 7 


42 4 


42 00 


15 


29 9% 


42 8 


42 45 


20 


30 


43 


42 75 


25 


30 2% 


43 3% 


43 15 


30 


30 5 


43 7 


43 45 


35 


30 iy 2 


43 11 


43 70 


40 


30 10 


44 2 


44 00 


45 


31 y 2 


44 6 


44 40 


50 


31 3 


44 9 


44 65 


55 


31 5% 


45 1 


44 80 


60 


31 8 


45 4 


45 05 


65 


31 10^ 


45 8 


45 25 


70 


32 1 


- 45 11 


45 55 


75 


32 3K 


46 2 


45 95 


80 


32 6 


46 6 


46 15 


85 


32 8K 


46 10 


46 45 


90 


32 11 


47 2 


46 70 


95 


33 VA 


47 6 


47 05 


8 00 


33 4 


47 9 


47 50 


05 


33 6V 2 


48 1 


47 75 


10 


33 9 


, 48 4 


48 00 


15 


33 11K 


48 8 


48 25 


20 


34 2 


48 11 


48 50 


25 


34 ±% 


49 2 


48 75 


30 


34 7 


49 6 


49 00 


35 


34 9% 


49 10 


49 25 


40 


35 


50 1 


49 60 


45 


35 2^ 


50 5 


50 00 


50 


35 5 


50 8 


50 40 


55 


35 TA 


51 


50 75 


60 


35 10 


51 4 


50 95 


65 


36 % 


51 8 


51 20 


70 


36 3 


51 11 


5140 


75 


36 5H ■ 


52 3 


51 65 


80 


36 8 


52 6 


52 20 


85 


36 10K 


52 10 


52 60 


90 


37 1 


53 1 


52 80 


95 


37 2*A 


53 5 


53 00 


9 00 


37 6 


53 8 


53 20 



60 



I 



FEB 28 1902 



1C0P> viL. roCAT.OW, 
fig. 26 1902 






LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



021 534 217 7 



